Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

Any field or review title

Field or topic

Source

Review versions

970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy

current versions

No studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous midazolam vs intravenous lorazepam Incidence of respiratory depression · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 80 participants	High
Summary of findings ‐ Intranasal lorazepam vs intramuscular paraldehyde Seizure cessation: within 10 minutes · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.22 [0.99, 1.52]	1 study · 160 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous midazolam vs intravenous lorazepam Additional drugs required to terminate the seizure: additional dose of the trial drug required · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 3 [0.13, 71.51]	1 study · 80 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous midazolam vs intravenous lorazepam Seizure recurrence within 24 hours · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.15, 6.76]	1 study · 80 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous midazolam vs intravenous lorazepam Incidence of admissions to the ICU · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings ‐ Intranasal lorazepam vs intramuscular paraldehyde Time from drug administration to termination of seizures · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings ‐ Intranasal lorazepam vs intramuscular paraldehyde Incidence of respiratory depression · Children with acute tonic‐clonic seizures Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 160 participants	Low
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (primary outcomes) Time to treatment failure (any reason related to treatment) All participants Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 0.78 [0.53, 1.14]	2 studies · 476 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to achieve 12‐month remission (seizure‐free period) Subgroup: focal onset seizures Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 1.09 [0.75, 1.57]	2 studies · 326 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to achieve 12‐month remission (seizure‐free period) Subgroup: generalised onset seizures Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 0.94 [0.55, 1.62]	2 studies · 142 participants	Low
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (primary outcomes) Time to treatment failure (any reason related to treatment) Subgroup: focal onset seizures Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 0.69 [0.43, 1.09]	2 studies · 333 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (primary outcomes) Time to treatment failure (any reason related to treatment) Subgroup: generalised onset seizures Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 1.03 [0.51, 2.08]	2 studies · 143 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (primary outcomes) Time to treatment failure due to adverse events All participants Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 0.22 [0.1, 0.51]	2 studies · 480 participants	High
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (primary outcomes) Time to treatment failure due to lack of efficacy All participants Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 1.17 [0.31, 4.35]	2 studies · 480 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to first seizure (post‐randomisation) All participants Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 0.97 [0.75, 1.26]	2 studies · 468 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to first seizure (post‐randomisation) Subgroup: focal onset seizures Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 0.92 [0.68, 1.25]	2 studies · 326 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to first seizure (post‐randomisation) Subgroup: generalised onset seizures Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 1.11 [0.66, 1.86]	2 studies · 142 participants	Low
Summary of findings: oxcarbazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to achieve 12‐month remission (seizure‐free period) All participants Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed epilepsy Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2018) · Cochrane	HR 1.04 [0.77, 1.41]	2 studies · 468 participants	Moderate
Clobazam vs carbamazepine Time on allocated treatment (retention time) · people with focal or generalized seizures Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam vs phenytoin Seizure freedom 4‐40 weeks · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam vs phenytoin 50% responder rate · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam vs phenytoin Adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study medication · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.1 [0.01, 1.65]	1 study · 48 participants	Low
Clobazam vs carbamazepine Retention at 12 months · people with focal or generalized seizures Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.61, 1.12]	1 study · 115 participants	Low
Clobazam vs carbamazepine Seizure freedom at 4 weeks · people with focal or generalized seizures Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.55, 1.32]	1 study · 43 participants	Low
Clobazam vs carbamazepine Seizure freedom 4‐40 weeks · people with focal or generalized seizures Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.66, 1.36]	1 study · 43 participants	Low
Clobazam vs carbamazepine 50% responder rate · people with focal or generalized seizures Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.18 [0.94, 1.48]	1 study · 43 participants	Low
Clobazam vs carbamazepine Adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study medication · people with focal or generalized seizures Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam vs phenytoin Time on allocated treatment (retention time) · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam vs phenytoin Retention at 6 months (measured by the number of treatment failures in each group, which was defined as either breakthrough seizure or adverse effects requiring discontinuation or dose modification of study medication) · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [1.08, 1.9]	1 study · 48 participants	Low
Clobazam vs phenytoin Seizure freedom at 4 weeks · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Seizure free (yoga versus sham yoga) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 14.54 [0.67, 316.69]	1 study · 20 participants	Low
Intervention NR 50% or greater reduction in seizure duration · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 0.67 [0.1, 4.35]	1 study · 18 participants	Low
Intervention NR Seizure free (yoga versus none) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 17.31 [0.8, 373.45]	1 study · 22 participants	Low
Intervention NR Seizure frequency (yoga versus sham yoga) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 20 participants	Low
Intervention NR Seizure frequency (yoga versus none) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 22 participants	Low
Intervention NR Greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency (yoga versus sham yoga) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 81 [4.36, 1504.46]	1 study · 20 participants	Low
Intervention NR Greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency (yoga versus none) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 158.33 [5.78, 4335.63]	1 study · 22 participants	Low
Intervention NR Greater than 50% reduction in seizure duration (yoga versus sham yoga) · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 45 [2.01, 1006.75]	1 study · 20 participants	Low
Intervention NR Seizure free at 1 year · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1 [0.16, 6.42]	1 study · 18 participants	Low
Intervention NR 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with epilepsy Yoga for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 0.78 [0.04, 14.75]	1 study · 18 participants	Low
Intervention NR Seizure freedom (3‐month blinded evaluation period) · adults with IQ > 70 with refractory focal epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 0.33 [0.01, 8.36]	1 study · 109 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Adverse events · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 19 participants	Low
Intervention NR Neuropsychological outcome (3 months) · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 6 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Quality of life · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Seizure freedom (1‐ to 3‐month blinded evaluation period) · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 0.96 [0.22, 4.12]	3 studies · 22 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Responder rate (1‐ to 3‐month blinded evaluation period) · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	OR 2.43 [0.46, 12.84]	3 studies · 19 participants	Low
Intervention NR Seizure frequency reduction (1‐ to 3‐month blinded evaluation period) · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 19 participants	Low
Intervention NR Adverse events · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 22 participants	Low
Intervention NR Neuropsychological outcome (1 to 2 months) · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 16 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Quality of life (2 months) · patients with refractory (multi)focal or generalized epilepsy Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 12 participants	Very low