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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,080 questions in 109 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections
current versionsNo studies 132 · 12.2%Ungraded 90 · 8.3%Very low 169 · 15.6%Low 306 · 28.3%Moderate 287 · 26.6%High 96 · 8.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Xylitol vs control Antibiotic administration ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Mortality ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Number of days missed at school or daycare ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Cost ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.67, 1.21] | 1 study · 326 participants | Low |
Xylitol vs control Gastrointestinal‐related adverse events · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.92, 1.16] | 1 study · 326 participants | Moderate |
Xylitol vs control Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.69, 1.16] | 1 study · 326 participants | Moderate |
Xylitol vs control Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Mortality ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Gastrointestinal‐related adverse events · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.74, 2.75] | 3 studies · 1826 participants | Moderate |
Xylitol vs control Number of days missed at school or daycare ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Cost ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.42, 0.97] | 1 study · 306 participants | Moderate |
Xylitol vs control Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Mortality ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Number of days missed at school or daycare ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Cost ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Xylitol vs control Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.53] | 1 study · 1253 participants | Moderate |
Xylitol vs control Gastrointestinal‐related adverse events · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.61, 13] | 1 study · 1277 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Blindness · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 260 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Serum retinol (1 week post‐intervention) (mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error (SE) · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum retinol (2 weeks post‐intervention) (mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error SE) · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 155 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum retinol (6 weeks post‐intervention) (mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error SE) · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum retinol (mean change 1 week post‐intervention) (mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error SE) · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight gain 6 weeks post‐intervention (mean X (kg) ± standard error SE) · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight gain 6 months post‐intervention (mean X (kg) ± standard error SE) · children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Otitis media Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.45, 1.11] | 3 studies · 414 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pneumonia ‐ 12 to 58 months of age · children under 5 years of age with undifferentiated ARI Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.71, 1.69] | 1 study · 563 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pneumonia ‐ 0 to 11 months of age · children under 5 years of age with undifferentiated ARI Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.52, 1.76] | 1 study · 326 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for single‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score ‐ 3 hours after dosing · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 540 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Secondary outcome: all adverse eventsTopical · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for all doses of nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (mean) ‐ 3 hours after dosing · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 146 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for all doses of nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (mean) ‐ 3 hours after dosingOral · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 85 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for all doses of nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (mean) ‐ 3 hours after dosing Topical · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for all doses of nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (AUC) ‐ 3 hours after dosingOral · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 260 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for all doses of nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: overall patient well‐being · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for all doses of nasal decongestant vs placebo Secondary outcome: All adverse events · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for single‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: overall patient well‐being ‐ 3 hours after dosing · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for single‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Secondary outcome: all adverse events · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (mean) ‐ 3 hours after dosing · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 94 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (mean) ‐ 3 hours after dosingOral · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: subjective symptom score (mean) ‐ 3 hours after dosingTopical · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Primary outcome: overall patient well‐being · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Secondary outcome: all adverse events · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.98 [0.68, 1.4] | 7 studies · 1195 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for multi‐dose nasal decongestant vs placebo Secondary outcome: all adverse eventsOral · adult patients with the common cold Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.65, 1.39] | 6 studies · 1134 participants | Low |
Semi‐recumbent position (30º to 60º) vs supine position (0° to 10°) Clinically suspected VAP · adults requiring mechanical ventilation Semi‐recumbent position versus supine position for the prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.25, 0.5] | 8 studies · 759 participants | Moderate |
Semi‐recumbent positioning: 45° vs 25° to 30° ICU mortality · adults requiring mechanical ventilation Semi‐recumbent position versus supine position for the prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.57 [0.15, 2.13] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Semi‐recumbent positioning: 45° vs 25° to 30° Hospital mortality · adults requiring mechanical ventilation Semi‐recumbent position versus supine position for the prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.38, 2.65] | 2 studies · 91 participants | Very low |
Semi‐recumbent positioning: 45° vs 25° to 30° Length of ICU stay · adults requiring mechanical ventilation Semi‐recumbent position versus supine position for the prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in… (2016) · Cochrane | MD 1.6 | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |