Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

529 questions · 536 findings · 58 reviews

No studies found 147 · 27.4%GRADE not reported 67 · 12.5%Very low 121 · 22.6%Low 115 · 21.5%Moderate 78 · 14.6%High 8 · 1.5%

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Caesarean section ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in caesarean section ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST… compared with CTG alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Instrumental vaginal birth · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower operative vaginal delivery ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal admission to special care · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal special care unit ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Any perinatal death after randomisation · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in perinatal death ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) and daily fluoride intake from toothpaste

Correlation between daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE) and fluoride intake · Children and adults with 24-h urinary fluoride monitoring (9 studies reporting both intake and urine; Table 2)

Daily urinary fluoride excretion was not correlated with total daily fluoride intake or with fluoride intake from toothpaste (R2 < 0.07), based on nine studies (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
    24-h urine collection · Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · High-fluoride-area data from Idowu et al. [46,47] excluded
    R2 (coefficient of determination) <0.07
    9 studies
    GRADE not reported

Supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) including mechanical debridement vs Monitoring only, or alternative interventions that do not include mechanical debridement

Outcome not reported · Adults treated for periodontitis and receiving supportive periodontal therapy (SPT)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery

Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR monitoring

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery

Fetal or neonatal mortality · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR monitoring

Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline showed no clear difference in fetal or neonatal mortality compared with no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR monitoring

Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline showed no clear difference in 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review