What do systematic reviews say?

SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo

• Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 3086 participants
  Low

SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo

• Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 917 participants
  Very low

DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 867 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Metformin showed no clear difference in live birth rate per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.59 [1, 2.51]
  4 studies · 435 participants
  Low

Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate vs clomiphene

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate vs clomiphene

Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate probably leads to higher ovulation rate per woman compared with clomiphene citrate alone (moderate certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.57 [1.28, 1.92]
  21 studies · 1624 participants
  Moderate

Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate vs clomiphene

Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate may leads to higher miscarriage rate per woman compared with clomiphene citrate alone (low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.59 [1.03, 2.46]
  9 studies · 1096 participants
  Low

Metformin vs clomiphene

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes live birth rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2 or ≤ 32… compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.71 [1, 2.94]
  3 studies · 241 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs clomiphene

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes live birth rate per woman Participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2a compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.3 [0.17, 0.52]
  2 studies · 500 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs clomiphene

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin vs clomiphene

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes clinical pregnancy rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2… compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.56 [1.05, 2.33]
  5 studies · 490 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs clomiphene

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes clinical pregnancy rate per woman Participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2a compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.34 [0.21, 0.55]
  2 studies · 500 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs clomiphene

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin vs clomiphene

Metformin showed no clear difference in ovulation rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2b compared with clomiphene citrate (low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.81 [0.51, 1.28]
  4 studies · 312 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Metformin probably leads to higher adverse events (gastrointestinal) per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.76 [3.06, 7.41]
  7 studies · 670 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs clomiphene

Metformin may leads to lower ovulation rate per woman Participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2b compared with clomiphene citrate (low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.29 [0.2, 0.43]
  2 studies · 500 participants
  Low

Metformin vs clomiphene

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes miscarriage rate per woman compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.92 [0.5, 1.67]
  5 studies · 741 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Metformin probably leads to higher clinical pregnancy rate per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.93 [1.42, 2.64]
  9 studies · 1027 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Metformin may leads to higher menstrual frequency per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.72 [1.14, 2.61]
  7 studies · 427 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo or no treatment

Metformin probably leads to higher ovulation rate per woman compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for women with polycystic ovary… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.55 [1.81, 3.59]
  14 studies · 701 participants
  Moderate