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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,721 questions · 19,640 findings · 2,039 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 3,754 · 19.1%GRADE not reported 1,273 · 6.5%Very low 4,859 · 24.7%Low 5,568 · 28.4%Moderate 3,240 · 16.5%High 946 · 4.8%

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Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Doubling of SCr Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors changes doubling of SCr Median compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers

Cardiovascular mortality · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) alone showed no clear difference in cardiovascular death Median compared with ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers

Doubling of SCr Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) alone showed no clear difference in doubling of SCr Median compared with ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) alone showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal stroke Median compared with ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers

Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) alone showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction Median compared with ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers

Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) alone changes micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median compared with ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers

Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) alone showed no clear difference in micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median compared with ACEi plus angiotensin receptor blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in all‐cause death Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Cardiovascular mortality · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in cardiovascular death Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Doubling of SCr Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in doubling of SCr Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal stroke Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal stroke Median compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone vs angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB

Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) alone showed no clear difference in micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median compared with angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus ARB (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review