One study reported a 1.4% incidence with bone level < 35%.
Periapical pathosis incidence among follow-up >5-10 years was 3.88% (subgroup analysis; not GRADE-rated).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Triple therapy may leads to lower moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
Triple therapy may leads to lower severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
Triple therapy leads to higher respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (high certainty).
Triple therapy probably leads to higher pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
Triple therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause SAEs compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
Triple therapy probably leads to higher symptom score TDI, ≥ 1‐unit increase (lower scores indicate worse… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
Triple therapy may leads to higher lung function, change in trough FEV1 (mL) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline… compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher trough FEV1 change from baseline compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… leads to lower pneumonia compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).