It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes spina bifida compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.29 [0.16, 0.56]
8037 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Encephalocoele · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes encephalocoele compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.26 [0.13, 0.56]
8037 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Fatal anencephaly · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes fatal anencephaly compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.07]
8037 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health: non‐randomised studies

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
657 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.68, 1.11]
657 participants
Very low

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs no intervention

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products

Erythrocyte folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 35 participants
Very low

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 35 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Erythrocyte folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Plasma folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health outcomes

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… showed no clear difference in anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.74, 1.55]
1 study · 334 participants
Low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Haemoglobin (g/dL) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 334 participants
Low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Neural tube defects (All) · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes neural tube defects (spina bifida, encephalocoele, anencephaly‐fatal… compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.48]
8037 participants
Very low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

All‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.88 [0.81, 4.36]
18 studies · 8752 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
22 studies · 10536 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

COPD exacerbations · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler probably leads to lower acute exacerbations of COPD (4‐week to 24‐week compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78]
3 studies · 1127 participants
Moderate