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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Crystalloid vs control Neonatal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Crystalloid vs control Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Colloid vs crystalloid Maternal hypotension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.58, 0.81] | 27 studies · 2009 participants | Very low |
Colloid vs crystalloid Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.09, 4.46] | 3 studies · 327 participants | Very low |
Colloid vs crystalloid Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.54, 1.78] | 5 studies · 413 participants | Very low |
Colloid vs crystalloid Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.66, 1.19] | 14 studies · 1058 participants | Very low |
Colloid vs crystalloid Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.15, 4.52] | 6 studies · 678 participants | Very low |
Colloid vs crystalloid Neonatal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.03, 2.05] | 10 studies · 730 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Colloid vs crystalloid · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.58, 0.8] | 28 studies · 2105 participants | Very low |
Colloid vs crystalloid Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Maternal hypotension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.71, 1.18] | 8 studies · 401 participants | Very low |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.72 [0.71, 4.16] | 2 studies · 118 participants | Low |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.21, 0.64] | 5 studies · 304 participants | Low |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.39, 1.49] | 4 studies · 204 participants | Very low |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.07, 12] | 3 studies · 175 participants | Low |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Neonatal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 321 participants | Low |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ondansetron vs control Maternal hypotension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.54, 0.83] | 8 studies · 740 participants | Low |
Ondansetron vs control Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Ephedrine vs phenylephrine · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.71, 1.18] | 8 studies · 401 participants | Very low |
Ondansetron vs control Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.28, 0.87] | 8 studies · 740 participants | Low |
Ondansetron vs control Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.51] | 7 studies · 653 participants | Low |
Ondansetron vs control Neonatal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 284 participants | Low |
Ondansetron vs control Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.05, 5.09] | 2 studies · 134 participants | Low |
Ondansetron vs control Admission to neonatal care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lower limb compression vs control Maternal hypotension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.47, 0.78] | 11 studies · 705 participants | Very low |
Lower limb compression vs control Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lower limb compression vs control Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.11, 3.56] | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Lower limb compression vs control Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.14, 1.27] | 4 studies · 276 participants | Very low |
Lower limb compression vs control Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Ondansetron vs control · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.54, 0.83] | 8 studies · 740 participants | Low |
Lower limb compression vs control Neonatal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Lower limb compression vs control Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Maternal hypotension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.41, 1.21] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Walking vs lying Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Neonal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Lower limb compression vs control · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.47, 0.78] | 11 studies · 705 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Walking vs lying · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.41, 1.21] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Crystalloid vs control Maternal hypotension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.72, 0.98] | 5 studies · 370 participants | Low |
Crystalloid vs control Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Crystalloid vs control Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Perinatal death (composite of fetal death (in utero death) and neonatal death)№ of participants: 9833(14 RCTs) · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.77, 0.93] | NR | High |
Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Neonatal death (infants born with signs of life who die within the first 28 days)№ of participants: 10,609(22 RCTs) · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.7, 0.87] | NR | High |
Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Respiratory distress syndrome№ of participants: 11,183(26 RCTs) · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.65, 0.78] | NR | High |
Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH)№ of participants: 8475(12 RCTs) · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.45, 0.75] | NR | Moderate |
Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Mean birthweight (g)№ of participants: 9551(19 RCTs) · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |