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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported depression · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 400 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported pain intensity · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1210 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 763 participants | Very low |
Distraction vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 2802 participants | Low |
CBT‐combined vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 765 participants | Low |
CBT‐combined vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Very low |
CBT‐combined vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1105 participants | Low |
Hypnosis vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypnosis vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 193 participants | Very low |
Preparation/information vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 3‐12 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or unclear diagnoses undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 313 participants | Very low |
Distraction vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 426 participants | Very low |
Preparation/information vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 3‐12 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or unclear diagnoses undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Preparation/information vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 3‐12 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or unclear diagnoses undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 259 participants | Very low |
Preparation/information vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐12 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or unclear diagnoses undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Preparation/information vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐12 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or unclear diagnoses undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Ungraded |
Preparation/information vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐12 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or unclear diagnoses undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Ungraded |
Breathing vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 6‐15 years who are generally healthy, undergoing surgery, or have leukemia undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 298 participants | Very low |
Breathing vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 6‐15 years who are generally healthy, undergoing surgery, or have leukemia undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Breathing vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 6‐15 years who are generally healthy, undergoing surgery, or have leukemia undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Ungraded |
Breathing vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 6‐15 years who are generally healthy, undergoing surgery, or have leukemia undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Ungraded |
Breathing vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 6‐15 years who are generally healthy, undergoing surgery, or have leukemia undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Distraction vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1512 participants | Very low |
Breathing vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 6‐15 years who are generally healthy, undergoing surgery, or have leukemia undergoing venipuncture or… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Suggestion vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 3‐17 years who are generally healthy or have chronic illness undergoing intramuscular injection,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 218 participants | Very low |
Suggestion vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 3‐17 years who are generally healthy or have chronic illness undergoing intramuscular injection,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Suggestion vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 3‐17 years who are generally healthy or have chronic illness undergoing intramuscular injection,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Suggestion vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐17 years who are generally healthy or have chronic illness undergoing intramuscular injection,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Suggestion vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐17 years who are generally healthy or have chronic illness undergoing intramuscular injection,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Suggestion vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐17 years who are generally healthy or have chronic illness undergoing intramuscular injection,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Memory alteration vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Memory alteration vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Memory alteration vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Ungraded |
Distraction vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1067 participants | Very low |
Memory alteration vs control Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Memory alteration vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Memory alteration vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Distraction vs control Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 309 participants | Low |
Distraction vs control Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 500 participants | Very low |
CBT‐combined vs control Self‐reported pain · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1359 participants | Low |
CBT‐combined vs control Self‐reported distress · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 234 participants | Low |
CBT‐combined vs control Observer‐reported pain · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization,… Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 385 participants | Low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs sham Pain intensity (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using visual analogue scales or numerical rating scales · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 655 participants | Low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs sham Disability (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using self‐reported disability/pain interference scales · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 119 participants | Very low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs sham Quality of life (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 105 participants | Low |
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) vs sham Pain intensity (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using visual analogue scales or numerical rating scales · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) vs sham Disability (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using self‐reported disability/pain interference scales · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |