What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full median sternotomy

• Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 492 participants
  Low

Combination vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy

Combination leads to higher smoking cessation compared with single‐form nicotine replacement therapy (high certainty).

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [1.17, 1.37]
  16 studies · 12169 participants
  High

Combination vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy

Combination showed no clear difference in overall serious adverse events compared with single‐form nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.44 [0.76, 25.85]
  5 studies · 2888 participants
  Low

Combination vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy

It is very uncertain whether combination changes treatment withdrawals compared with single‐form nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.57, 2.2]
  5 studies · 3070 participants
  Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

It is very uncertain whether longer changes smoking cessation ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks compared with shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.75, 1.23]
  1 study · 637 participants
  Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

Longer showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 6 weeks versus 2 weeks compared with shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.94, 1.31]
  1 study · 987 participants
  Low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

It is very uncertain whether longer changes overall SAEs ‐ 26 weeks versus 8 weeks compared with shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.63 [0.6, 4.42]
  1 study · 544 participants
  Very low
• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 637 participants
  Very low
• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 987 participants
  Very low

Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy

• Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early showed no clear difference in death at day 30Â compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (low certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.87, 1.09]
  12 studies · 4826 participants
  Low

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 4589 participants
  Moderate

Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Subgroup analyses: early showed no clear difference in death by AKI aetiology: non‐surgical causes compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (moderate certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.09]
  9 studies · 4461 participants
  Moderate

Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Subgroup analyses: early showed no clear difference in death by AKI aetiology: surgical causes compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (low certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.31, 1.36]
  3 studies · 365 participants
  Low

Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Subgroup analyses: early showed no clear difference in kidney recovery functionby KRT: continuous KRT compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (moderate certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [0.99, 2.03]
  6 studies · 583 participants
  Moderate

Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Subgroup analyses: early showed no clear difference in kidney recovery functionby KRT: continuous and intermittent KRT compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (moderate certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.91, 1.02]
  4 studies · 4134 participants
  Moderate

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early showed no clear difference in death after 30 days compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (moderate certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.92, 1.07]
  7 studies · 4534 participants
  Moderate

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early showed no clear difference in death or non‐recovery of kidney function Time frame: day 90 compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (low certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.74, 1.11]
  6 studies · 4011 participants
  Low

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early showed no clear difference in recovery of kidney function Patients free from KRT according to ITT… compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (low certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.94, 1.22]
  10 studies · 4717 participants
  Low

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early leads to higher adverse events: hypophosphataemia compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (high certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.8 [1.33, 2.44]
  1 study · 2927 participants
  High

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early leads to higher adverse events: hypotension compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (high certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.54 [1.29, 1.85]
  5 studies · 3864 participants
  High

Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT)

Early leads to higher adverse events: cardiac‐rhythm disorder compared with standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) (high certainty).

• Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.35 [1.04, 1.75]
  6 studies · 4483 participants
  High