Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,973 questions · 3,072 findings · 410 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 559 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 143 · 4.7%Very low 654 · 21.3%Low 833 · 27.1%Moderate 683 · 22.2%High 200 · 6.5%

Intervention not reported

Need for increased ventilatory assistance (invasive or non‐invasive) · individuals with an exacerbation of COPD

The intervention may leads to lower need for increased ventilatory assistance (invasive or non‐invasive) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Smoking abstinence · s

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes smoking abstinence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Attitudes ‐ readiness to quit · s

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes attitudes ‐ readiness to quit (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Aggression OAS, OAS‐M, MOAS, self‐reported incidents, CPRS subscale (endpoints fall between 2 weeks and 6 months) · Any individual experiencing recurrent aggressive outbursts or episodes
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Hostility BPRS hostility sub scale, CPRS hostility subscale, Q‐sort, speech content analysis (endpoints fall between 1 and 6 months) · Any individual experiencing recurrent aggressive outbursts or episodes
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Anger Self‐reported outbursts, Rosenweig Picture Frustration Test (endpoints fall between 2 weeks and 6 months) · Any individual experiencing recurrent aggressive outbursts or episodes
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Anger‐Hostility POMS anger‐hostility subscale (endpoints fall between 1 and 6 months) · Any individual experiencing recurrent aggressive outbursts or episodes
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐compliance leaving the study early (endpoints fall between 1 and 6 months) · Any individual experiencing recurrent aggressive outbursts or episodes
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events, any (endpoints fall between 1 6 six months) · Any individual experiencing recurrent aggressive outbursts or episodes
1 finding from 1 review