Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,973 questions · 3,072 findings · 410 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 559 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 143 · 4.7%Very low 654 · 21.3%Low 833 · 27.1%Moderate 683 · 22.2%High 200 · 6.5%

Intervention not reported

Cost of care (hospital charges, 1000s of US dollars) · Adult patients in intensive care

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 191 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Combined mortality of all studies · Adult patients in intensive care

The intervention leads to higher combined mortality of all studies (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01
13 studies · 5686 participants
High

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Annual Exacerbation Rates · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to lower annual exacerbation rates compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.73 [0.69, 0.78]
7473 participants
Moderate

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.17 [0.95, 1.45]
2476 participants
Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.2 [0.89, 1.63]
1556 participants
Low

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to lower participants with at least one exacerbation Duration of six months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.66, 0.93]
3141 participants
Moderate

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Mortality Duration of 18 months3 · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to lower mortality Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.82 [0.68, 0.99]
16 studies · 10129 participants
Moderate

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Pneumonia · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to higher pneumonia Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.62 [1.36, 1.94]
14 studies · 9620 participants
Moderate

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations · COPD

Combined inhalers showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.81, 1.06]
12 studies · 9492 participants
Low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Adverse events—any Duration of two years1 · COPD

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—any Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.09 [0.95, 1.25]
5574 participants
Low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 · COPD

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.95, 1.23]
5531 participants
Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.42 [1.16, 1.74]
1552 participants
Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.32 [1.08, 1.61]
1556 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Exacerbation rates per participant per year · patients with COPD

The intervention probably leads to lower exacerbation rates per participant per year (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.87 [0.8, 0.94]
6 studies · 5601 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mortality · patients with COPD

The intervention leads to lower mortality (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.64, 0.94]
12 studies · 7518 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Pneumonia · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.91, 1.28]
12 studies · 7320 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.8, 1.07]
10 studies · 7060 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events－serious Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) versus fluticasone (FP) · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) versus… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.05 [0.82, 1.34]
7 studies · 5055 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus budesonide (BD) · patients with COPD

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21]
3 studies · 1469 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events－serious Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) versus Mometasone (MF) · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) versus… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.03 [0.63, 1.67]
2 studies · 905 participants
Low