What do systematic reviews say?

Health education vs usual care

Health education may leads to higher proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all… compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [1.06, 1.44]
  3 studies · 2387 participants
  Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 2… compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.29 [1.16, 1.44]
  1 study · 1700 participants
  Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Integration of immunisation with other health services showed no clear difference in proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01]
  1 study · 2089 participants
  Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (yellow… compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]
  1 study · 1383 participants
  Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (measles) compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]
  1 study · 1370 participants
  Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Engagement of community leaders vs usual care

Engagement of community leaders probably leads to higher proportion of children who received DTP3 or Penta 3 by 1 year of age compared with routine care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [1.11, 1.69]
  1 study · 2020 participants
  Moderate

Engagement of community leaders vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 947 participants
  Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 2404 participants
  Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether pharmaceutical care changes the proportion of patients with one or more potentially… compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.98]
  13 studies · 4534 participants
  Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 691 participants
  Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether pharmaceutical care changes the proportion of patients with one or more potential prescribing… compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.27, 0.91]
  7 studies · 2765 participants
  Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 4797 participants
  Low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

• Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 7458 participants
  Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 319 participants
  Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Surgical may leads to lower chronic pain Measured as number of people experiencing pain compared with non‐surgical management (low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.37, 0.84]
  4 studies · 175 participants
  Low