Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,587 questions · 5,761 findings · 495 reviews

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No studies found 1,011 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 1,797 · 31.2%Very low 1,100 · 19.1%Low 1,052 · 18.3%Moderate 649 · 11.3%High 152 · 2.6%

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Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Resolution of hypoglycaemia · healthy adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Time to resolution of hypoglycaemia · healthy adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Adverse events · healthy adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Ease of administration/treatment delay · healthy adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Blood/plasma glucose concentrations at 20 minutes · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract infections

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Very low

Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Resolution of hypoglycaemia · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract infections

It is very uncertain whether sublingual glucose changes resolution of hypoglycaemia Definition: (a) within 20 minutes (b)… compared with oral (swallowed) glucose (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.91, 1.74]
1 study · 42 participants
Very low

Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Time to resolution of hypoglycaemia · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract infections

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Very low

Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Adverse events · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract infections

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Very low

Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Delay in treatment · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract infections

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Resolution of symptoms · healthy adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Blood/plasma glucose concentrations at 20 minutes · healthy adults

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 16 participants
Very low

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Increased blood glucose at 20 minutes · healthy adults

It is very uncertain whether buccal glucose changes increased blood glucose at 20 minutes compared with oral (swallowed) glucose (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.07 [0, 0.98]
1 study · 7 participants
Very low

Miswak (Salvadora persica) stick vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) stick changes patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 1 week
MD -0.26 [-1.16, 0.64]
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) showed no clear difference in VSC: hydrogen sulphide compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 week
MD -11.0 [-31.61, 9.61]
1 study · 22 participants
GRADE not reported

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), gas chromatography · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Niles 1999 (cross-over trial) compared 0.3% triclosan + 2.0% PVM/MA + 0.243% NaF toothpaste versus placebo toothpaste; VSC by gas chromatograph. We could not use the results in the meta-analysis as there was no…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 weeks
Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
1 study · 47 participants
GRADE not reported

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 week
Wirthlin 2011 reported altered taste sensation as the adverse event. OLT scores could not be included in the analysis as the group-wise data were not given.
1 study · 22 participants
GRADE not reported

Mouthwash (amine/stannous fluoride; or chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium + zinc) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash or tap water

OLT and VSC scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
7 days
Wigger-Alberti 2010 mouthwash data (ASF; CHX + CPC + Zn; CHX; tap water) were calculated from a graph (Additional Table 1) but not included, as the report did not give details of sample size per group.
1 study
GRADE not reported

Pycnogenol chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Pycnogenol chewing gum showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 weeks
MD -8.4 [-24.95, 8.15]
1 study · 21 participants
GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 3 months
MD -0.2 [-0.58, 0.18]
1 study · 44 participants
Very low