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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
866 questions in 43 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery
current versionsNo studies 188 · 21.7%Ungraded 548 · 63.3%Very low 81 · 9.4%Low 37 · 4.3%Moderate 8 · 0.9%High 4 · 0.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Extraction of the primary maxillary canine vs Untreated control (no treatment) Change in the sagittal position of the upper first molars · Children with palatally displaced maxillary canines (at least 80% aged 10 to 13 years); trials with craniofacial… · At least 6 months follow-up after the intervention Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children (2012) · Cochrane | Change in the sagittal position of the upper first molars (Baccetti 2008 only): average sagittal displacement was 2.65 mm in the extraction-only group and 2.32 mm in the untreated control group (0.24 mm in the… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Extraction of the primary maxillary canine vs Untreated control (no treatment) Prevalence of eruption/non-eruption of the palatally displaced permanent canine (successful eruption) · Children with palatally displaced maxillary canines (at least 80% aged 10 to 13 years); trials with craniofacial… · At least 6 months follow-up after the intervention Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children (2012) · Cochrane | Narrative summary (data not poolable, not GRADE-rated). Leonardi 2004: successful eruption of the permanent canine 50% in the extraction-only group, which was not significantly greater than the success rate in… | 2 studies · 70 participants | Ungraded |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Pain during function (proportion without significant improvement) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | Six participants in the glucosamine group did not experience significant improvement in TMJ pain compared with seven in the ibuprofen group (Analysis 3.1); Fisher's exact test P = 0.73 (not significant, per the authors). | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Clinical assessment: alveolar ridge healing (0 to 3 grading scale) · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.90 [0.64, 1.16] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Secondary alveolar bone grafting performed at one timing (e.g. early secondary grafting) vs Secondary alveolar bone grafting performed at a different / optimal timing (e.g. late secondary grafting) Outcome NR · Patients greater than 5 years of age with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and/or palate involving the alveolar… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | Furthermore, no RCTs were found to study the optimal timing ... with secondary bone grafting surgery. This systematic review has not been able to report all the objectives described in the protocol. | 0 studies | No studies |
Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) vs Spoon-feeding Weight (kg) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · 6 weeks post-surgery Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.47 [0.20, 0.74] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal advice and support (feeding techniques/breastfeeding positions) vs Usual care (no additional advice/support) Outcome NR · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | No trials were identified that examined the effect of additional maternal support or advice during breastfeeding (or bottle-feeding); no studies evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention (plain-language summary… | 0 studies | No studies |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Radiographic assessment: periapical film (0 to 3 grading scale) · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… · 1 year Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.60 [0.30, 0.90] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) vs Spoon-feeding Duration of hospital stay (days) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · post-surgery Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | Duration of hospital stay (days): no statistically significant difference between the two groups (Darzi 1996); no pooled estimate displayed (totals not selected). | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle Energy and protein intake · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · 3 to 6 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | Mean energy and protein intakes (Brine 1994): statistically significant difference for protein intake at 3 and 6 months in favour of the squeezable bottle (P < 0.05); possibly confounded by four infants receiving a… | 1 study · 37 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Tenderness on palpation in jaw muscles (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 2.00 [0.20, 19.98] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Passive maxillary/obturating plate (worn until surgical closure of soft palate) vs No plate Weight (kg) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · 12 months (351 to 379 days) Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.53, 0.73] | 2 studies · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle Weight (kg) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · >6 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD -0.15 [-0.53, 0.22] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Ungraded |
Secondary alveolar bone grafting with a given sequence of orthodontic treatment (e.g. orthodontics before grafting) vs Secondary alveolar bone grafting with a different sequence of orthodontic treatment (e.g. orthodontics after grafting) Outcome NR · Patients greater than 5 years of age with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and/or palate involving the alveolar… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | No RCTs were found to study ... the sequence of orthodontic treatment with secondary bone grafting surgery. | 0 studies | No studies |
Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle Reliability of feeding method (number of times bottle modified) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · up to 12 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | Number of times a bottle had to be modified by the health visitor: 25/52 (48%) for rigid bottles versus 4/49 (8%) for squeezable bottles (Shaw 1999), P < 0.05 (favours squeezable). Six babies randomised to the rigid… | 1 study · 101 participants | Ungraded |
Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) vs Spoon-feeding Adverse events (wound dehiscence; lip scar hypertrophy) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · post-surgery Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | Adverse events: one wound dehiscence and one hypertrophy of the lip scar, both in spoon-fed infants (Darzi 1996). | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Length of hospital stay (days) · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD -1.40 [-1.92, -0.88] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Tenderness on palpation in TMJ (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.65 [0.10, 4.04] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Passive maxillary/obturating plate (worn until surgical closure of soft palate) vs No plate Head circumference (cm) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · 12 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.25 [-1.03, 1.53] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Traditional iliac bone graft plus fibrin glue vs Traditional iliac bone graft alone Radiographic assessment: coronal bone volume (cm3) · Patients aged 7 to 16 years with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (alveolar cleft) · At least 3 months Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 42.62 [20.99, 64.25] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Postoperative complication: persistent oronasal fistula · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.23] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Traditional iliac bone graft plus fibrin glue vs Traditional iliac bone graft alone Postoperative complication: wound infection · Patients aged 7 to 16 years with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (alveolar cleft) · At least 3 months Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | RR 3.23 [0.14, 100] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle Length (cm) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · >6 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.21 [-0.72, 1.14] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Maximum protrusion over 5 mm (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.12 [0.01, 2.09] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Interincisal opening over 35 mm (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.31 [0.31, 5.60] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) vs Spoon-feeding Cost of hospitalisation · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · post-surgery Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | Average total cost of hospitalisation: 98 Indian rupees (breastfeeding) versus 156 Indian rupees (spoon-feeding) (Darzi 1996). | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Radiographic assessment: three-dimensional CT scan (0 to 3 grading scale) · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… · 1 year Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.90 [0.41, 1.39] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Arthrocentesis Maximum interincisal opening (mm) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | MD 5.28 [3.46, 7.10] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Passive maxillary/obturating plate (worn until surgical closure of soft palate) vs No plate Length (cm) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · 2 to 6 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD -1.05 [-2.20, 0.11] | 2 studies · 74 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Number of participants discharged on the same day as surgery · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | RR 20 | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Clinical evaluations 12 months after surgery (6 pooled clinical signs) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.0 [0.45, 2.21] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Ungraded |
Traditional iliac bone graft plus fibrin glue vs Traditional iliac bone graft alone Radiographic assessment: coronal bone density (Hounsfield units) · Patients aged 7 to 16 years with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (alveolar cleft) · At least 3 months Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 150.89 [3.45, 298.33] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle Quality of life and parental satisfaction (crying, feeding, sleeping, playing time; 24-hour parental log) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · up to 12 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | Quality of life and adverse events (crying, feeding, sleeping and playing time, 24-hour parental log; Shaw 1999): no statistically significant differences between bottle types. Parental satisfaction also reported. | 1 study · 101 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Nonsurgical treatment Pain after 6 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 6 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | SMD 0.004 [-0.46, 0.55] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Pain (VAS/SSI) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | SMD 0.45 [0.01, 0.89] | 3 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Clinical assessment: nasal alar base augmentation (0 to 3 grading scale) · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.20 [-0.01, 0.41] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Arthrocentesis Pain (VAS) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-1.46, 1.66] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Crepitation (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.45 [0.08, 2.60] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Click (clinical evaluation, 12 months) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 9.35 [0.85, 102.30] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Traditional iliac bone graft plus fibrin glue vs Traditional iliac bone graft alone Postoperative complication: wound dehiscence · Patients aged 7 to 16 years with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (alveolar cleft) · At least 3 months Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.04, 3.03] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Radiographic assessment: Panorex scan (0 to 3 grading scale) · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… · 1 year Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 0.90 [0.41, 1.39] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle Head circumference (cm) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · >6 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD -0.66 [-1.16, -0.17] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Postoperative complication: (partial) loss of bone graft · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.01, 1.89] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Mandibular functionality (MFIQ) after 12 months · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | MD 1.58 [-0.78, 3.94] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) vs Delayed implants (placed at least 2 months after extraction) Major complications at the implant site · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 5 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 4.20 [1.01, 17.43] | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Pain on TMJ palpation (ordinal scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-3.09, 2.49] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Three participants from the topical capsaicin group withdrew from the study by Winocur et al 2000 due to the severity of the burning sensation and redness. | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Patient quality of life · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral gabapentin (anticonvulsant) vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 12 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified. | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Bio-Oss (anorganic bovine bone) vs Bio-Oss + resorbable barrier Bone gain (horizontal - HDD) · Patients receiving immediate single implants in fresh extraction sockets (maxillary anterior/premolar sites) · up to 3 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | No statistically significant differences in bone gain between the two procedures for horizontal depth of the defect (HDD) (Chen 2007). | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |