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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Low intensity ES plus PFMT vs maximal intensity ES plus PFMT Adverse effects ‐ not reported · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low intensity ES plus PFMT vs maximal intensity ES plus PFMT Cost‐effectiveness ‐ not reported · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Conventional ES plus PFMT vs dynamic ES plus PFMT Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Conventional ES plus PFMT vs dynamic ES plus PFMT Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) (perception of bother of UI symptoms) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Conventional ES plus PFMT vs dynamic ES plus PFMT Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Conventional ES plus PFMT vs dynamic ES plus PFMT Adverse effects ‐ not reported · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Conventional ES plus PFMT vs dynamic ES plus PFMT Cost‐effectiveness ‐ not reported · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs sham treatment Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [0.38, 12.73] | 3 studies · 158 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs sham treatment Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.03 [1.02, 4.07] | 5 studies · 236 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs sham treatment Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 117 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs sham treatment Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 [0.52, 7.67] | 4 studies · 233 participants | Low |
Tricyclics vs placebo Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 347 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs another drug Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs desmopressin + oxybutynin · Children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.39 [1.35, 4.25] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs another drug Adverse events assessed as reported in paper · Children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 9 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 4 [1.06, 15.08] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs alarm (Mozes detector) · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.07, 1.53] | 2 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy (reassurance, retention control training + wakening, parental involvement) · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.83 [1.08, 3.12] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy + motivation/counselling + education · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.91 [2.3, 6.66] | 1 study · 132 participants | Low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights or relapsing at · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.03, 2.69] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights or relapsing at · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.56 [2.21, 5.72] | 1 study · 132 participants | Low |
Tricyclics vs behavioural interventions Adverse events assessed as reported in paper · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine + oxybutynin vs imipramine · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs placebo Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.61, 0.9] | 12 studies · 831 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ Amitriptyline + desmopressin vs amitriptyline · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine + oxybutynin vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.23, 0.78] | 1 study · 47 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events assessed as reported in paper · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Moderate |
Tricyclics vs placebo Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ amitriptyline vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Tricyclics vs placebo Number of wet nights per week at · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs placebo Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights or relapsing at · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | 5 studies · 416 participants | Low |
Tricyclics vs placebo Adverse events assessed as reported in paper · children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 56 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs another drug Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs desmopressin · Children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 300 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs another drug Number of wet nights per week at the end of treatment ‐ amitriptyline vs desmopressin · Children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Tricyclics vs another drug Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs desmopressin · Children with nocturnal enuresis Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.64, 1.2] | 4 studies · 222 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.85 [1.34, 2.55] | 2 studies · 121 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [0.51, 5.12] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.6, 1.85] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |