Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

864 questions · 884 findings · 229 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 136 · 15.4%GRADE not reported 37 · 4.2%Very low 242 · 27.4%Low 298 · 33.7%Moderate 131 · 14.8%High 40 · 4.5%

Salicylic acid vs tretinoin

Participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Moderate to excellent improvement (long term: treatment duration > 8 weeks) · participants with acne

Salicylic acid showed no clear difference in participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Moderate to… compared with tretinoin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Glycolic acid (alpha‐hydroxy acid) vs salicylic‐mandelic acid

Participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Fair to good improvement (long term: treatment duration > 8 weeks) · participants with acne

Glycolic acid (alpha‐hydroxy acid) showed no clear difference in participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Fair to… compared with salicylic‐mandelic acid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azelaic acid vs benzoyl peroxide

Participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Good or very good improvement (long term: treatment duration > 8 weeks) · participants with acne

Azelaic acid probably leads to lower participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Good or… compared with benzoyl peroxide (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azelaic acid vs clindamycin

Participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Good or very good improvement (long term: treatment duration > 8 weeks) · participants with acne

Azelaic acid showed no clear difference in participants' global self‐assessment of acne improvement Good or… compared with clindamycin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Resilience interventions vs control condition

Mental health and well‐being: stress or stress perceptionMeasured by: investigators measured stress or stress perception using different instruments; lower scores mean lower stress or stress perception Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare workers
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Participant‐rated global assessment of treatment success · adults aged ≥ 18 years with a diagnosis of glenohumeral osteoarthritis who have not responded to non‐operative treatments

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychotherapy vs no treatment or waiting list

Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · patients with borderline personality disorder

It is very uncertain whether psychotherapy changes attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment compared with waiting list or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review