Increase in the number of participants with linear/micronodular (focal) hyperplasia, comparing final biopsies with baseline biopsies · people with pre‐malignant lesions
Proton pump inhibitor may leads to higher increase in the number of participants with linear/micronodular… compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Annual Exacerbation Rates · COPD
Combined inhalers probably leads to lower annual exacerbation rates compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 · COPD
Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.17 [0.95, 1.45]
2476 participants
Low
Adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD
Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.2 [0.89, 1.63]
1556 participants
Low
Adverse events at study endpoint · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse event—any—400/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
OR 0.98 [0.75, 1.3]
890 participants
Low
OR 0.82 [0.62, 1.09]
894 participants
Low
Adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.09 [0.66, 1.79]
890 participants
Low
Adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 0.71 [0.41, 1.23]
894 participants
Low
Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · COPD
Combined inhalers probably leads to lower participants with at least one exacerbation Duration of six months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 0.78 [0.66, 0.93]
3141 participants
Moderate
Mortality Duration of 18 months3 · COPD
Combined inhalers probably leads to lower mortality Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pneumonia · COPD
Combined inhalers probably leads to higher pneumonia Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations · COPD
Combined inhalers showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events—any Duration of two years1 · COPD
Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—any Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.09 [0.95, 1.25]
5574 participants
Low
Adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 · COPD
Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.08 [0.95, 1.23]
5531 participants
Low
Adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD
Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.42 [1.16, 1.74]
1552 participants
Low
Adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD
Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.32 [1.08, 1.61]
1556 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
SBP
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
3206 participants
High
Intervention not reported
DBP
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
3230 participants
High
Intervention not reported
Exacerbation rates per participant per year · patients with COPD
The intervention probably leads to lower exacerbation rates per participant per year (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mortality · patients with COPD
The intervention leads to lower mortality (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pneumonia · patients with COPD
The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review