Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,721 questions · 19,640 findings · 2,039 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,754 · 19.1%GRADE not reported 1,273 · 6.5%Very low 4,859 · 24.7%Low 5,568 · 28.4%Moderate 3,240 · 16.5%High 946 · 4.8%

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Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 224 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1866 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 359 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1432 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) (Breastfeeding versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 235 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 709 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Heart rate · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 336 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1283 participants
Moderate

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 597 participants
Very low

Facilitated tucking vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 733 participants
Very low

Facilitated tucking vs no intervention

Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 557 participants
Very low

Facilitated tucking vs no intervention

Adverse events · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 299 participants
Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 379 participants
Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

Adverse events · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 318 participants
Very low

Swaddling vs no intervention

Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 468 participants
Very low

Swaddling vs no intervention

Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 204 participants
Very low

Swaddling vs no intervention

Adverse events · preterm born neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 304 participants
Low

Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask

Mortality before hospital discharge · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation

Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or… showed no clear difference in death before discharge compared with face mask (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.47, 1.13]
3 studies · 1124 participants
Low