Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,640 questions · 2,709 findings · 446 reviews

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No studies found 593 · 21.9%GRADE not reported 241 · 8.9%Very low 538 · 19.9%Low 706 · 26.1%Moderate 516 · 19%High 115 · 4.2%

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Annual Exacerbation Rates · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to lower annual exacerbation rates compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.73 [0.69, 0.78]
7473 participants
Moderate

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.17 [0.95, 1.45]
2476 participants
Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.2 [0.89, 1.63]
1556 participants
Low

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events at study endpoint · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse event—any—400/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.98 [0.75, 1.3]
890 participants
Low
Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.82 [0.62, 1.09]
894 participants
Low

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.09 [0.66, 1.79]
890 participants
Low

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.71 [0.41, 1.23]
894 participants
Low

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to lower participants with at least one exacerbation Duration of six months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.66, 0.93]
3141 participants
Moderate

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Mortality Duration of 18 months3 · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to lower mortality Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.82 [0.68, 0.99]
16 studies · 10129 participants
Moderate

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Pneumonia · COPD

Combined inhalers probably leads to higher pneumonia Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.62 [1.36, 1.94]
14 studies · 9620 participants
Moderate

Combined inhalers vs placebo (outcomes

Hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations · COPD

Combined inhalers showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.81, 1.06]
12 studies · 9492 participants
Low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Adverse events—any Duration of two years1 · COPD

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—any Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.09 [0.95, 1.25]
5574 participants
Low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 · COPD

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.95, 1.23]
5531 participants
Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.42 [1.16, 1.74]
1552 participants
Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 · COPD

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.32 [1.08, 1.61]
1556 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

SBP

1 finding from 1 review

Effect of longer‐term modest salt reduction on blood pressure 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3206 participants
High

Intervention not reported

DBP

1 finding from 1 review

Effect of longer‐term modest salt reduction on blood pressure 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3230 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Exacerbation rates per participant per year · patients with COPD

The intervention probably leads to lower exacerbation rates per participant per year (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.87 [0.8, 0.94]
6 studies · 5601 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mortality · patients with COPD

The intervention leads to lower mortality (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.64, 0.94]
12 studies · 7518 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Pneumonia · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.91, 1.28]
12 studies · 7320 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.8, 1.07]
10 studies · 7060 participants
Low