What do systematic reviews say?

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes neural tube defects (spina bifida, encephalocoele, anencephaly‐fatal… compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

• Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.48]
  8037 participants
  Very low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.88 [0.81, 4.36]
  18 studies · 8752 participants
  Low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
  22 studies · 10536 participants
  High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler probably leads to lower acute exacerbations of COPD (4‐week to 24‐week compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78]
  3 studies · 1127 participants
  Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 4952 participants
  High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 6598 participants
  Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 4188 participants
  Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.86, 1.04]
  17 studies · 8235 participants
  High

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  34 studies · 15197 participants
  Moderate

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 552 participants
  Low

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 147 participants
  Low

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 147 participants
  Very low

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 6946 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 5469 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 3128 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 5 participants
  Very low

Extended intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 1296 participants
  Moderate

Extended intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 456 participants
  Moderate

Extended intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 319 participants
  Moderate