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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
780 questions in 55 reviews · Public Health
current versionsNo studies 162 · 20.8%Ungraded 52 · 6.7%Very low 231 · 29.6%Low 191 · 24.5%Moderate 122 · 15.6%High 22 · 2.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Provision of maize flour or maize flour products fortified with iron plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products Iron deficiency (as defined by trialists, based on a biomarker of iron status) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women), in Kenya and Mexico Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.49, 1.15] | 2 studies · 1102 participants | Very low |
Provision of maize flour or maize flour products fortified with iron plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products Haemoglobin concentration (in g/L) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women), in Kenya and Mexico Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1144 participants | Very low |
Provision of maize flour or maize flour products fortified with iron plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products Ferritin concentration (in µg/L) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women), in Kenya and Mexico Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 584 participants | Very low |
Provision of maize flour or maize flour products fortified with iron plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products Any adverse effects (including constipation, nausea, vomiting, heartburn or diarrhoea, as measured by trialists) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women), in Kenya and Mexico Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based health promotion vs no implementation strategy Implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco use or alcohol use · workplace employees Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting tobacco,… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 191 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based health promotion vs no implementation strategy Employee dietary intake · workplace employees Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting tobacco,… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 19419 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based health promotion vs no implementation strategy Employee tobacco use · workplace employees Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting tobacco,… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18205 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based health promotion vs no implementation strategy Employee physical activity, weight status, and alcohol use · workplace employees Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting tobacco,… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based health promotion vs no implementation strategy Cost or cost‐effectiveness · workplace employees Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting tobacco,… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based health promotion vs no implementation strategy Unintended adverse effects · workplace employees Strategies to improve the implementation of workplace‐based policies or practices targeting tobacco,… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs delayed school starts Student academic outcomes · students aged 13‐19 Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well‐being of high school students (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 254743 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed school starts Amount or quality of sleep · students aged 13‐19 Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well‐being of high school students (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 52340 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed school starts Mental health outcomes · students aged 13‐19 Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well‐being of high school students (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1200 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed school starts Truancy or attendance outcomes · students aged 13‐19 Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well‐being of high school students (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 255122 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed school starts Alertness · students aged 13‐19 Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well‐being of high school students (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2735 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed school starts Adverse events/unintended consequences · students aged 13‐19 Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well‐being of high school students (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 207576 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs general population mass media intervention Any outcome considered an indicator of change · mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Any measure of knowledge and attitude · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Adverse effects · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Any outcome considered an adverse effect · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Calls to smoking quit lines, during campaign · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 641800 participants | Moderate |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Calls to smoking quit lines, during and after campaign · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3e+05 participants | Low |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Proportion of calls from target population during campaign · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 641800 participants | Low |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Proportion of calls from target population during and after campaign · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3e+05 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Programme costs · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 641800 participants | Low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content BMI (kg/m2), 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 286 participants | Low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Intake meeting target from dietary guidelines, 3 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 5.53 [1.96, 15.58] | 1 study · 718 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs general population mass media intervention Proportion smoking reduction, 3 months · mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 255 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Changes in dietary composition, 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 286 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Weekly physical activity meeting target from guidelines, 3 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.27 [0.89, 1.8] | 1 study · 718 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Leisure time physical activity, 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 286 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Knowledge of nutrition and physical activity guidelines · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 12.6 [6.5, 24.5] | 12 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Adverse effects · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Any outcome considered an adverse effect · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content Costs per person in each treatment arm · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African… Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 357 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs general population mass media intervention Quit‐attempts, 3 months · mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.97 [1.09, 3.55] | 1 study · 255 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs general population mass media intervention Contemplation ladder to quit smoking (1‐10), 3 months · mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 255 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention vs general population mass media intervention Adverse effects · mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention vs general population mass media intervention Any outcome considered an adverse effect · mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention BMI (kg/m2), 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Changes in dietary composition, 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 154 participants | Very low |
Targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours vs no intervention Leisure time physical activity, 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non‐communicable diseases… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 154 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Primary outcome ‐ reintegration Promote inclusion and reintegration Increase literacy and numeracy IIncrease access to education and employment · street‐connected children and young people Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Promotion of mental health, including self esteem · street‐connected children and young people Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Reduction in harms associated with substance misuse · street‐connected children and young people Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Reduction in harms associated with early sexual activity · street‐connected children and young people Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Family functioning · street‐connected children and young people Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Overall picture · street‐connected children and young people Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR DMFT · children Community-based population-level interventions for promoting child oral health (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR DMFS measured at between 1 and 2 years of · children Community-based population-level interventions for promoting child oral health (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 443 participants | Low |