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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Monofilament vs multifilament tapes Repeat incontinence surgery (long term > 5 years) · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Monofilament vs multifilament tapes Quality of life scores ICIQ · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | High |
Transobturator (TOR) vs retropubic (RPR) route Voiding dysfunction (short and medium term, up to 5 years) · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.43, 0.65] | 37 studies · 6217 participants | Moderate |
Transobturator (TOR) vs retropubic (RPR) route De novo urgency or urgency incontinence (short term, up to 12 months) · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.17] | 31 studies · 4923 participants | Moderate |
Transobturator (TOR) vs retropubic (RPR) route Groin pain · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.62 [3.09, 6.92] | 18 studies · 3226 participants | Moderate |
Transobturator (TOR) vs retropubic (RPR) route Suprapubic pain · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.11, 0.78] | 4 studies · 1105 participants | Moderate |
Transobturator (TOR) vs retropubic (RPR) route Vaginal tape erosion (short and medium term, up to 5 years) · women with stress urinary incontinence Mid‐urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.78, 1.65] | 31 studies · 4743 participants | Moderate |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.31 [1.06, 5.02] | 2 studies · 101 participants | Moderate |
Electrical stimulation vs sham treatment Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.16, 1.63] | 4 studies · 143 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.7, 1.03] | 7 studies · 244 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 93 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.25, 99.16] | 3 studies · 121 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs vaginal cones Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.7, 1.54] | 3 studies · 157 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs vaginal cones Subjective cure or improvement · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.97, 1.21] | 5 studies · 331 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs vaginal cones Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 96 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs vaginal cones Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.11, 2.7] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [1.41, 2.11] | 5 studies · 347 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs vaginal cones Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs PFMT plus vaginal cones Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.96, 2.2] | 2 studies · 123 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs PFMT plus vaginal cones Subjective cure or improvement · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [1.08, 2.18] | 2 studies · 123 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs PFMT plus vaginal cones Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs PFMT plus vaginal cones Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs PFMT plus vaginal cones Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Subjective cure or improvement · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 13.89 [0.84, 230.82] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Incontinence‐specific quality of life (higher score = worse quality of life) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 250 participants | Moderate |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation plus PFMT vs PFMT Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.38, 1.52] | 3 studies · 99 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus PFMT vs PFMT Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.95, 1.28] | 6 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus PFMT vs PFMT Incontinence‐specific quality of life (higher score = worse quality of life) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 193 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation plus PFMT vs PFMT Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus PFMT vs PFMT Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.53, 2.67] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5.36 [0.61, 47.36] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.37, 2.72] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5.96 [0.3, 118.7] | 3 studies · 103 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surface ES vs intravaginal ES Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surface ES vs intravaginal ES Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surface ES vs intravaginal ES Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Surface ES vs intravaginal ES Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surface ES vs intravaginal ES Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low intensity ES plus PFMT vs maximal intensity ES plus PFMT Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low intensity ES plus PFMT vs maximal intensity ES plus PFMT Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.09, 0.91] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
Low intensity ES plus PFMT vs maximal intensity ES plus PFMT Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |