Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,543 questions · 2,589 findings · 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 601 · 23.2%GRADE not reported 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

INTEGRATED MODELS OF CARE vs usual care

Substance use: any change ‐ Alcohol use (not in remission) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Integrated models of care showed no clear difference in substance use: any change ‐ Alcohol use (not in remission) compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

INTEGRATED MODELS OF CARE vs usual care

Substance use: any change ‐ Drug use (not in remission) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Integrated models of care showed no clear difference in substance use: any change ‐ Drug use (not in remission) compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in adverse event: Death compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review