Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

460 questions · 464 findings · 50 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 103 · 22.2%GRADE not reported 61 · 13.1%Very low 120 · 25.9%Low 112 · 24.1%Moderate 59 · 12.7%High 9 · 1.9%

Ambroxol vs corticosteroid (betamethasone)

Incidence of RDS frequency in newborns · women at risk of preterm birth

Ambroxol showed no clear difference in incidence of RDS frequency in newborns compared with corticosteroid (betamethasone) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.59, 1.07]
7 studies · 758 participants
Moderate

Ambroxol vs corticosteroid (betamethasone)

Perinatal mortality frequency of deaths of newborns · women at risk of preterm birth

Ambroxol showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality frequency of deaths of newborns compared with corticosteroid (betamethasone) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.51 [0.23, 1.12]
6 studies · 657 participants
Moderate

Ambroxol vs corticosteroid (betamethasone)

Adverse effects in pregnant women frequency in pregnant women · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether ambroxol changes adverse effects in pregnant women frequency in pregnant women compared with corticosteroid (betamethasone) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.45 [0.34, 35.51]
3 studies · 305 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.82, 1.26]
7 studies · 1685 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) may leads to higher caesarean section compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.28 [1.02, 1.6]
12 studies · 1756 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.12, 2.66]
3 studies · 381 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 464 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.5, 1.97]
7 studies · 941 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in neonatal intensive care unit admission compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.61, 1.63]
9 studies · 1302 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to higher vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.28 [1.13, 1.46]
2 studies · 782 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.48, 1.38]
2 studies · 2033 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to higher caesarean section compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [1.04, 1.32]
7 studies · 3178 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.6, 2.06]
3 studies · 2627 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.52]
3 studies · 2627 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to lower uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.35 [0.18, 0.67]
6 studies · 1966 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in apgar score < 7 after 5 minutes compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.38, 1.32]
4 studies · 2693 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in neonatal intensive care unit admission compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.58, 1.17]
5 studies · 2873 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.92, 1.09]
28 studies · 6619 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to lower serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.48 [0.25, 0.93]
8 studies · 2757 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.12]
4 studies · 1481 participants
Very low