It is very uncertain whether therapeutic community changes crack use at 6 months compared with work release (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether therapeutic community changes crack use at 18 months compared with work release (very low certainty).
Therapeutic community showed no clear difference in cocaine use at 6 months compared with work release (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether therapeutic community changes cocaine use at 18 months compared with work release (very low certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in marijuana use compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in hard drug use compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in positive hair test for crack cocaine compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in positive hair test for marijuana use compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether community‐based buprenorphine changes end of treatment drug use compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management probably leads to lower arrested compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in drug charge compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in incarceration compared with prison only (moderate certainty).
Interpersonal psychotherapy showed no clear difference in relapse to drug use at 3 months compared with psychoeducational control (low certainty).
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) showed no clear difference in abstinence from drug use at 6 months compared with waiting list control (low certainty).
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies showed no clear difference in reincarcerated at 12 months after parole compared with prison therapeutic community (low certainty).