What do systematic reviews say?

Scaling and root planing (SRP) plus glycine powder air polishing vs Scaling/root planing alone

Scaling and root planing (SRP) plus glycine powder air polishing showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  30 days
  MD -3.87 [-17.93, 10.19]
  1 study · 60 participants
  GRADE not reported

Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Essential oil mouthwash showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  MD -5.13 [-32.94, 22.68]
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Garcia 2014 (2-arm RCT) compared essential oil mouthwash versus placebo mouthwash (VSC by halimeter). We could not include the results in the meta-analysis because of the missing SD and P value.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  MD -20.04 [-37.71, -2.37]
  1 study · 47 participants
  GRADE not reported

Hinokitiol gel vs Placebo gel

It is very uncertain whether hinokitiol gel changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo gel (very low certainty).

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 4 weeks
  MD -0.27 [-1.26, 0.72]
  1 study · 18 participants
  Very low

1000 mg champignon extract vs placebo

1000 mg champignon extract showed no clear difference in patient's family member-reported VAS score (scale 0 to 100) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  MD -1.74 [-15.52, 12.04]
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 440 ppm F toothpaste

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects of toothpaste: no studies reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

1000 mg champignon extract vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

It is very uncertain whether chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  MD -0.17 [-0.59, 0.25]
  1 study · 41 participants
  Very low

Benzethonium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Benzethonium chloride mouthwash showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  9 days
  MD 7.2 [-24.92, 39.32]
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste showed no clear difference in caries increment, tooth index d(m)ft compared with 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste (low certainty).

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: 36 months
  MD -0.27 [-0.6, 0.06]
  1 study · 905 participants
  Low

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

Halita mouthwash (chlorhexidine 0.05% + cetylpyridinium chloride… led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  MD -188.0 [-308.29, -67.71]
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects of toothpaste: no studies reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste

1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste showed no clear difference in caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT compared with 250 ppm F toothpaste (low certainty).

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Closest to 36 months
  SMD -0.15 [-0.31, 0.0]
  3 studies
  Low

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months
  Adverse effects of toothpaste: not estimable. "There were no reports on adverse effects, but some children complained about the taste of the dentifrice" (Cardoso 2014); 195 participants (1 RCT); low-certainty.
  1 study · 195 participants
  Low

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events (Table 6). Risk with placebo mouthwash: None reported. Risk with halita mouthwash: tongue staining was seen in patients who gargled, rather than rinsed. 40 participants (1 RCT). Certainty: VERY LOW.
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Mechanical tongue cleaning (tongue scraper) vs No tongue cleaning

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Quality of life was a prespecified secondary outcome. None of the 44 included studies in the review (across all comparisons) reported quality-of-life data (review-wide evidence gap).
  0 studies
  No studies found

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste showed no clear difference in caries increment, surface index d(m)fs compared with 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste (moderate certainty).

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: 20 to 36 months
  MD -0.05 [-0.38, 0.28]
  2 studies · 1958 participants
  Moderate

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

1700 to 2200 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

1700 to 2200 ppm F toothpaste may leads to lower caries increment, surface index D(M)FS compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (low certainty).

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Closest to 36 months
  SMD -0.32 [-0.41, -0.22]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Scheduled dental recall intervals (1-, 3- or 6-monthly; oral hygiene instruction with or without scale and polish) plus daily supervised toothbrushing by carers vs usual care

Scheduled dental recall intervals (1-, 3- or 6-monthly; oral hygiene… may leads to lower plaque (long term) compared with usual care (no specific treatment) (low certainty).

• Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Long term (>12 months)
  MD -0.70 [-1.28, -0.12]
  1 study · 304 participants
  Low