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Topical clonidine (TC) showed no clear difference in participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater during longest compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether topical clonidine (TC) changes participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater during longest compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Topical clonidine (TC) showed no clear difference in much or very much improved on PGIC during longest compared with placebo (low certainty).
Topical clonidine (TC) showed no clear difference in very much improved on PGIC during longest compared with placebo (low certainty).
Topical clonidine (TC) showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events during longest compared with placebo (low certainty).
Topical clonidine (TC) showed no clear difference in participants experiencing at least 1adverse event during longest compared with placebo (low certainty).
Topical clonidine (TC) showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to lack of efficacy (12 weeks) compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes adverse events compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance showed no clear difference in days of unsanctioned opioid use (as number of days/30 or days/7) compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes self‐reported opioid use at treatment completion compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance probably leads to higher retention: proportion of participants retained in treatment compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (moderate certainty).