Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,006 questions · 3,171 findings · 607 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 411 · 13%GRADE not reported 153 · 4.8%Very low 968 · 30.5%Low 897 · 28.3%Moderate 589 · 18.6%High 153 · 4.8%

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Graft loss including death · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in total graft loss (with death) compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Biopsy‐proven acute rejection · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low probably leads to higher biopsy‐proven acute rejection compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

CMV infection · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in CMV infection compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Malignancy · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in all malignancy compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Number needing to change treatment · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in number needing to change treatment compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Diabetes · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low probably leads to lower diabetes compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Lymphoma/PTLD · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in lymphoma/PTLD compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Acne/rash · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in acne/rash compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Hypercholesterolaemia · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low probably leads to lower hypercholesterolaemia compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Anaemia · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low may leads to lower anaemia compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Thrombocytopenia · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low may leads to lower thrombocytopenia compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined spinal‐epidural vs high‐dose spinal

Number of women requiring a repeat regional block or a general anaesthetic as a result of failure to establish adequate initial blockade · women undergoing caesarean section

Combined spinal‐epidural showed no clear difference in number of women requiring a repeat regional block or a general… compared with high‐dose spinal (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined spinal‐epidural vs high‐dose spinal

Number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at any time after CSE or spinal anaesthetic insertion · women undergoing caesarean section

It is very uncertain whether combined spinal‐epidural changes number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at… compared with high‐dose spinal (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined spinal‐epidural vs high‐dose spinal

Number of women requiring intra‐operative conversion to general anaesthesia · women undergoing caesarean section

It is very uncertain whether combined spinal‐epidural changes number of women requiring intra‐operative conversion to general… compared with high‐dose spinal (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review