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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
VITAMIN E vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life · patients with various chronic psychiatric disorders, but mainly schizophrenia, and antipsychotic‐induced tardive… Vitamin E for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.8] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Mental state ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Acceptability of treatment: Leaving the study early · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.29, 0.96] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.35, 3.99] | 2 studies · 37 participants | Very low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO General mental state: Deterioration · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.2 [0.22, 22.45] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Acceptability of treatment: Leaving the study early · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.65, 2.54] | 6 studies · 163 participants | Very low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs OTHER DRUGS Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.45, 1.95] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.32] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs OTHER DRUGS Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.09, 14.92] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs OTHER DRUGS Adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs OTHER DRUGS Mental state ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs OTHER DRUGS Acceptability of treatment: Leaving the study early · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.01, 4] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS vs OTHER DRUGS Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Mental state ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Acceptability of treatment: Leaving the study early · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 5.28 [0.27, 102.58] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO No improvement in quality of life · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.68, 1.12] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.19, 1.86] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
NORADRENERGIC DRUGS vs DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance Tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.17, 1.04] | 2 studies · 17 participants | Very low |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation General mental state: average endpoint score (BPRS, high = poor) · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation Adverse effect: any ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation Adverse effects: use of antiparkinsonism drugs · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.08 [0.74, 5.86] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.16, 2.25] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 140 participants | Very low |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 35 participants | Very low |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic General mental state: deterioration · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Adverse events: extrapyramidal symptoms (need of antiparkinsonism drugs) · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 53 participants | Low |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Adverse effects: general adverse events (UKU Average change score) · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.11, 3.31] | 2 studies · 17 participants | Very low |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 466 participants | Very low |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Tardive dyskinesia: not improved to a clinically important extent · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.51, 2.23] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.07, 10.96] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Mental state ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Adverse effect: any ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Adverse effect: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.38 [0.25, 76.54] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Specific antipsychotic vs other drugs Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance General mental state: relapse · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.16, 57.36] | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance Adverse effect: any ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance Adverse effect: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.06, 1.99] | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |