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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who develop sedation or drowsiness · clinically diagnosed neonatal seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [0.66, 5.37] | 2 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who develop epilepsy post discharge · clinically diagnosed neonatal seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 4.94] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the first loading dose of ASM ‐ not reported · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the maximal loading dose of ASM · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.54, 1.72] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after first loading dose of ASM · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [1.4, 2.64] | 2 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after maximal loading dose ‐ not reported · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the maximal loading dose of ASM · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.83 [1.78, 4.5] | 1 study · 83 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.79, 2.26] | 2 studies · 179 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Requirement of mechanical ventilation · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 7.13 [0.38, 134.78] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs phenytoin Proportion of infants who develop sedation or drowsiness · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 23 [1.41, 375.77] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs Lorazepam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the first loading dose of ASM · Neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.53, 0.94] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs Lorazepam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the maximal loading dose of ASM ‐ not reported · Neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs Lorazepam Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · Neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs Lorazepam Mortality before hospital discharge · Neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.76 [0.79, 3.95] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs Lorazepam Proportion of infants who develop sedation or drowsiness · Neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 5.66 [1.35, 23.71] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenytoin vs lorazepam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the first loading dose of ASM · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.6, 0.99] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Mortality or neurodevelopment disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenytoin vs lorazepam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the maximal loading dose of ASM ‐ not reported · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenytoin vs lorazepam Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenytoin vs lorazepam Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.12, 1.57] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenytoin vs lorazepam Proportion of infants who develop sedation or drowsiness · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.01, 4.13] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the first loading dose of ASM · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.37, 2.4] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the maximal loading dose of the ASM ‐ not reported · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.74] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Cognitive impairment at 18‐24 months · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.13, 2.15] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Requirement of mechanical ventilation · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.04, 2.52] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital + bumetanide vs phenobarbital alone Proportion of infants who develop epilepsy post‐discharge · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.43, 2.97] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Lignocaine vs benzodiazepines Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after first loading dose of ASM ‐ not reported · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Lignocaine vs benzodiazepines Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after maximal loading dose of ASM · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 8.17 [0.52, 128.42] | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Lignocaine vs benzodiazepines Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.71, 1.41] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Lignocaine vs benzodiazepines Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.25, 5.71] | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Lignocaine vs benzodiazepines Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.36, 2.75] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Maintenance ASM vs no maintenance ASM after achieving seizure control Proportion of infants with repeat seizure before hospital discharge · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.56, 1.01] | 2 studies · 373 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Maintenance ASM vs no maintenance ASM after achieving seizure control Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Maintenance ASM vs no maintenance ASM after achieving seizure control Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.39, 1.22] | 2 studies · 373 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Maintenance ASM vs no maintenance ASM after achieving seizure control Mortality at 18‐24 months · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.34, 2.61] | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Requirement of mechanical ventilation · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.76, 1.91] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Maintenance ASM vs no maintenance ASM after achieving seizure control Neurodevelopmental disability at 18‐24 months · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.13, 6.12] | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Maintenance ASM vs no maintenance ASM after achieving seizure control Proportion of infants who develop epilepsy post‐discharge · neonates with clinically diagnosed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.18 [0.69, 14.72] | 1 study · 126 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Treatment of clinical and electrographic seizures vs treatment of clinical seizures alone Seizure burden during hospitalisation · neonates Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 68 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Treatment of clinical and electrographic seizures vs treatment of clinical seizures alone Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · neonates Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Treatment of clinical and electrographic seizures vs treatment of clinical seizures alone Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.28, 1.27] | 2 studies · 68 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Treatment of clinical and electrographic seizures vs treatment of clinical seizures alone Proportion of infants who develop epilepsy post‐discharge · neonates Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.12, 4.73] | 1 study · 35 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who develop sedation or drowsiness · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.74 [0.68, 4.44] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who develop epilepsy post‐discharge · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.48, 1.76] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after first loading dose of ASM · clinically diagnosed neonatal seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.55, 0.86] | 3 studies · 286 participants | Very low |