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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intravenous ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete remission Time frame: 2 to 28 months · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.76 [0.17, 18.32] | 2 studies · 35 participants | Very low |
Intravenous ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete or partial remission · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Relapse during · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.65, 2.15] | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Complete remission of proteinuria · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.31 [1.13, 4.73] | 4 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Partial remission of proteinuria · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.78, 2.39] | 4 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Complete or partial remission · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.64 [1.1, 2.44] | 4 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Chronic kidney disease · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.35, 1.96] | 4 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Kidney failure · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.15, 2] | 4 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Adverse effects: hypertension · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 187 participants | Very low |
Cyclosporin vs different comparators Adverse effects: infection · adults with FSGS Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 157 participants | Low |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.79, 0.99] | 18 studies · 15289 participants | Moderate |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.64, 1.59] | 12 studies · 10382 participants | Very low |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Death (any cause) · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.84, 1.06] | 35 studies · 18241 participants | Low |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Cardiovascular death · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.65, 1.15] | 21 studies · 9606 participants | Very low |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Major bleeding · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [1.1, 1.65] | 29 studies · 16194 participants | Moderate |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Minor bleeding · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.27, 1.9] | 21 studies · 13218 participants | Low |
Antiplatelet agents vs control Early access thrombosis (before 8 weeks) · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients) Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.38, 0.7] | 8 studies · 1525 participants | Low |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Death at day 30Â · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.87, 1.09] | 12 studies · 4826 participants | Low |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Length of stay in hospital · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 4589 participants | Moderate |
Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Death by AKI aetiology: non‐surgical causes · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.09] | 9 studies · 4461 participants | Moderate |
Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Death by AKI aetiology: surgical causes · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.31, 1.36] | 3 studies · 365 participants | Low |
Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Kidney recovery functionby KRT: continuous KRT · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.99, 2.03] | 6 studies · 583 participants | Moderate |
Subgroup analyses: early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Kidney recovery functionby KRT: continuous and intermittent KRT · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.91, 1.02] | 4 studies · 4134 participants | Moderate |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Death after 30 days · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.92, 1.07] | 7 studies · 4534 participants | Moderate |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Death or non‐recovery of kidney function Time frame: day 90 · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.74, 1.11] | 6 studies · 4011 participants | Low |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Recovery of kidney function Patients free from KRT according to ITT analysis (all patients) · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.94, 1.22] | 10 studies · 4717 participants | Low |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Adverse events: hypophosphataemia · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [1.33, 2.44] | 1 study · 2927 participants | High |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Adverse events: hypotension · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [1.29, 1.85] | 5 studies · 3864 participants | High |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Adverse events: cardiac‐rhythm disorder · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [1.04, 1.75] | 6 studies · 4483 participants | High |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Adverse events: infection · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1, 1.77] | 5 studies · 4252 participants | High |
Early vs standard initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) Length of stay in ICU · AKI Timing of kidney replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 4240 participants | Moderate |
Educational interventions vs usual care Knowledge: kidney disease‐related knowledge · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 2632 participants | Low |
Self‐management training vs usual care Self‐efficacy · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 417 participants | Low |
Self‐management training vs usual care QoL · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1470 participants | Low |
Self‐management training vs usual care Death · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 89 participants | Ungraded |
Self‐management training vs usual care eGFR · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 855 participants | Moderate |
Self‐management training vs usual care Hospitalisation · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 285 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care Knowledge: kidney disease‐related knowledge · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 2185 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care Self‐care behaviours: self‐report questionnaires (higher is better) · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 913 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care Self‐efficacy: self‐report questionnaires (higher is better) · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 687 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care QoL: SF‐12, SF‐36, KDQoL · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 3848 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care Death · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.53, 1.02] | 4 studies · 2801 participants | Moderate |
Educational interventions vs usual care Self‐care behaviour · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 60 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care eGFR: mL/min/1.73 m² · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 618 participants | Low |
Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care Hospitalisations · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 3110 participants | Low |
Educational interventions vs usual care Self‐efficacy · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 579 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions vs usual care QoL · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 573 participants | Very low |
Educational interventions vs usual care Death · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 908 participants | Low |
Educational interventions vs usual care eGFR: mL/min/1.73 m² · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 573 participants | Moderate |
Educational interventions vs usual care Duration of hospital stayTime frame: days · Improving health outcomes in people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 621 participants | Moderate |