Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut
current versionsNo studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Returning vs discarding the aspirated/drained gastric residual volume Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Returning vs discarding the aspirated/drained gastric residual volume Pneumonia (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Returning vs discarding the aspirated/drained gastric residual volume Length of hospital stay (days) (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
More frequent (less than eight hours) vs less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric residual volume Pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) · adults receiving EN via nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.64, 1.83] | 1 study · 357 participants | Very low |
More frequent (less than eight hours) vs less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric residual volume Length of hospital stay (days) (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 357 participants | Very low |
No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.62, 1.23] | 2 studies · 500 participants | Very low |
No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume Pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.43, 1.13] | 1 study · 449 participants | Very low |
No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume Length of hospital stay (days) (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 500 participants | Very low |
Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.74, 1.38] | 1 study · 322 participants | Very low |
Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration Pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.72, 1.46] | 1 study · 322 participants | Very low |
Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration Length of hospital stay (days) (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 322 participants | Very low |
IV iron sucrose vs oral iron sulphate Number of responders ‐ active or inactive disease (6 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.95, 1.57] | 2 studies · 137 participants | Low |
Oral ferric maltol vs oral placebo Serious adverse events ‐ mild disease to quiescent (up to 52 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.15, 6.88] | 1 study · 128 participants | Very low |
Oral ferric maltol vs IV ferric carboxymaltose Number of responders ‐ disease activity not stated (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.65, 1.06] | 1 study · 252 participants | Low |
Oral ferric maltol vs IV ferric carboxymaltose Serious adverse events (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.95 [0.98, 8.91] | 1 study · 252 participants | Very low |
IV ferric carboxymaltose vs oral iron sulphate Number of responders ‐ mild to moderate disease (16 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.95, 1.43] | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
IV ferric carboxymaltose vs oral iron sulphate Serious adverse events ‐ mild to moderate disease (16 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 8.81 [0.52, 149.07] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
IV iron isomaltoside vs oral iron sulphate Number of responders ‐ remission or mild disease (8 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.93, 1.34] | 1 study · 338 participants | Low |
IV iron isomaltoside vs oral iron sulphate Serious adverse events ‐ remission or mild disease (8 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4.02 [0.51, 31.73] | 1 study · 338 participants | Very low |
IM erythropoietin vs oral placebo Number of responders ‐ active disease (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.5 [1.44, 8.48] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
IM erythropoietin vs oral placebo Serious adverse events · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous preparations vs oral preparations Number of responders · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.05, 1.31] | 5 studies · 927 participants | Low |
IV iron sucrose vs oral iron sulphate Serious adverse events ‐ mild to moderate disease (20 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.07 [0.13, 73.32] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Intravenous preparations vs oral preparations Withdrawal due to adverse events · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.2, 0.74] | 5 studies · 927 participants | Low |
Oral iron sulphate vs oral iron hydroxide polymaltose complex Number of responders ‐ active or inactive disease (14 days) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Oral iron sulphate vs oral iron hydroxide polymaltose complex Serious adverse events ‐ active or inactive disease (14 days) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.86 [0.32, 25.24] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
IV ferric carboxymaltose vs IV iron sucrose Number of responders ‐ mild to moderate disease (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.06, 1.46] | 1 study · 485 participants | Moderate |
IV ferric carboxymaltose vs IV iron sucrose Serious adverse events ‐ mild to moderate disease (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.94 [0.12, 71.78] | 1 study · 485 participants | Very low |
IM erythropoietin + IV iron sucrose vs IV iron sucrose + IM placebo Number of responders ‐ disease activity not stated (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.9, 1.61] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
IM erythropoietin + IV iron sucrose vs IV iron sucrose + IM placebo Serious adverse events ‐ disease activity not stated (12 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Oral ferric maltol vs oral placebo Number of responders ‐ mild disease to quiescent (up to 52 weeks) · IBD patients Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | RR 73 [4.58, 1164.36] | 1 study · 128 participants | Very low |
Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet Treatment success as defined by the authors · people with inflammatory bowel disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medicine‐separated moxibustion combined with acupuncture vs wheat bran‐separated moxibustion combined with shallow acupuncture Abdominal pain frequency or change in frequency · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medicine‐separated moxibustion combined with acupuncture vs wheat bran‐separated moxibustion combined with shallow acupuncture Abdominal pain intensity or change in intensity · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medicine‐separated moxibustion combined with acupuncture vs wheat bran‐separated moxibustion combined with shallow acupuncture Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs no treatment (both groups received standard medical therapy) Treatment success as defined by the authors · people with inflammatory bowel disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs no treatment (both groups received standard medical therapy) Pain frequency and intensity (measured as part of the 0‐500 point IBS‐SSS questionnaire) · people with inflammatory bowel disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs no treatment (both groups received standard medical therapy) Withdrawal due to adverse events · people with inflammatory bowel disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
soft non‐manipulative osteopathic treatment vs no intervention Treatment success as defined by the authors · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
soft non‐manipulative osteopathic treatment vs no intervention Abdominal pain frequency or change in frequency · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
soft non‐manipulative osteopathic treatment vs no intervention Pain intensity (0‐10cm visual analogue scale) · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
soft non‐manipulative osteopathic treatment vs no intervention Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet Pain frequency IBD (measured in days of pain on the IBS‐SSS questionnaire) · people with inflammatory bowel disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Treatment success as defined by the authors · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Pain frequency or change in pain frequency · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Pain intensity (author‐derived formula based on a 1‐3 point scale) · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Treatment success as defined by the authors · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Pain frequency or change in pain frequency · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs standard treatment Pain intensity (author‐derived formula based on a 1‐3 point scale) · people with Crohn's disease Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |