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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy

current versions

No studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Vigabatrin vs placebo ≥ 50% reduction in seizure frequency (ITT analysis) Duration of treatment (range): 16–36 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.6 [1.87, 3.63]	4 studies · 513 participants	Low
Vigabatrin vs placebo Treatment withdrawal for any reason Duration of treatment (range): 12 (3 months) to 36 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.86 [1.25, 6.55]	4 studies · 370 participants	Very low
Vigabatrin vs placebo Adverse effects: ataxia Duration of treatment (range): 7–36 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.76 [0.96, 7.94]	7 studies · 481 participants	Very low
Vigabatrin vs placebo Adverse effects: dizziness/light‐headedness Duration of treatment (range): 7–36 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.74 [1.05, 2.87]	9 studies · 709 participants	Low
Vigabatrin vs placebo Adverse effects: fatigue Duration of treatment (range): 8–36 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.65 [1.08, 2.51]	9 studies · 709 participants	Low
Vigabatrin vs placebo Adverse effects: nystagmus Duration of treatment (range): 16–18 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.53 [0.62, 3.76]	2 studies · 357 participants	Low
Vigabatrin vs placebo Adverse effects: abnormal vision Duration of treatment (range): 8–36 weeks · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.64 [0.67, 4.02]	5 studies · 430 participants	Very low
Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.88 [1.43, 2.45]	2 studies · 270 participants	Low
Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo Seizure freedom (i.e. total cessation of seizure activity) · people with drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.55 [0.89, 2.72]	2 studies · 270 participants	Very low
Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · people with drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.72, 1.99]	2 studies · 270 participants	Very low
Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo Adverse effects · people with drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.29, 2.86]	2 studies · 270 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Effects on adherence (behavioural interventions) · adults and children with epilepsy Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 391 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Effects on adherence (educational interventions) · adults and children with epilepsy Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	13 studies · 1938 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Effects on adherence (mixed interventions) · adults and children with epilepsy Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 612 participants	High
Intervention NR Seizure frequency and/or seizure severity Assessed by National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale (NHS3), seizure diary and self‐reporting · adults and children with epilepsy Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 2147 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Self‐efficacy · adults and children with epilepsy Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 453 participants	Low
Intervention NR Quality of life · adults and children with epilepsy Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 1027 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ‐ ITT analysis · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.79 [1.44, 2.22]	6 studies · 1759 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: diplopia · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 4.6 [2.53, 8.38]	3 studies · 1295 participants	Low
Rufinamide vs placebo Seizure freedom · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.32 [0.36, 4.86]	1 study · 73 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.83 [1.45, 2.31]	6 studies · 1759 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: dizziness · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.52 [1.9, 3.34]	3 studies · 1295 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: fatigue · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.46 [1.08, 1.97]	3 studies · 1295 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: headache · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.36 [1.08, 1.69]	3 studies · 1228 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: somnolence · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.94 [1.44, 2.61]	6 studies · 1759 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: nausea · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.87 [1.33, 2.64]	3 studies · 1295 participants	Moderate
Rufinamide vs placebo Adverse effects: vomiting · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.95 [1.8, 4.82]	4 studies · 777 participants	Low
Interventions for vs no intervention Number of deaths due to SUDEP: nocturnal supervision compared to no supervision · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	203 participants	Very low
Interventions for vs no intervention Number of deaths due to SUDEP: additional nocturnal supervision compared to no additional supervision · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.76 [0.4, 1.46]	48 participants	Very low
Interventions for vs no intervention Number of deaths due to SUDEP: special precautions compared to no special precautions · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.41 [0.2, 0.82]	155 participants	Very low
Interventions for vs no intervention Number of other deaths (unrelated to SUDEP) · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for vs no intervention Change in mean depression and anxiety scores · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	222 participants	Very low
Interventions for vs no intervention Clinically important change in quality of life · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	215 participants	Very low
Interventions for vs no intervention Number of hospital attendances for seizures · cases of SUDEP and matched controls (number of deaths due to SUDEP) and consecutive people with epilepsy from a… Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 total scorea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 643 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 emotional well‐being subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 643 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 energy or fatigue subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 642 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 overall QoL subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 639 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 seizure worry subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 632 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 cognitive functioning subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 641 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 medication effects subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 643 participants	Moderate
Psychological treatments vs usual or supportive care QOLIE‐31 social function subscalea · adolescents and adults with epilepsy Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 630 participants	Moderate
Oxcarbazepine vs control Median percentage seizure reduction per 28 days · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 1494 participants	Moderate
Oxcarbazepine vs control 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.8 [1.27, 2.56]	6 studies · 1593 participants	Low
Oxcarbazepine vs control Ataxia · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.54 [0.86, 7.54]	5 studies · 1227 participants	Moderate
Oxcarbazepine vs control Hyponatraemia · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.53 [0.27, 23.85]	6 studies · 1593 participants	Moderate
Oxcarbazepine vs control Somnolence · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.03 [1.17, 3.54]	6 studies · 1593 participants	Low
Oxcarbazepine vs control Seizure freedom · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.86 [1.19, 6.87]	5 studies · 1494 participants	Low
Oxcarbazepine vs control Treatment withdrawal · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Oxcarbazepine add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.75 [1.44, 2.13]	6 studies · 1593 participants	Moderate
Topiramate vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (ITT analysis) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.71 [2.05, 3.59]	12 studies · 1650 participants	High