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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Mobility Measured by: 6‐minute walk test or gait analysis via Vicon, reported in m/s Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 6 weeks or postintervention scores at 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III and between 3 and 12 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 55 participants | Moderate |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Gross motor function Measured by: GMFM‐E (higher score = greater performance), reported as % Timing of outcome assessment: change from baseline to 6 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III and between 3 and 12 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Moderate |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Adverse events (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III and between 3 and 12 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Participation Measured by: PEDI‐mobility score (total scores range from 0 to 59; higher scores = greater participation) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 6 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III and between 3 and 12 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Moderate |
Resilience interventions vs control conditions Resilience Measured by: investigators measured resilience using different instruments; higher scores mean higher resilience Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare students, including students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g.… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 561 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control conditions Mental health and well‐being: anxiety Measured by: investigators measured anxiety using different instruments; lower scores mean lower anxiety Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare students, including students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g.… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 362 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control conditions Mental health and well‐being: depressionMeasured by: investigators measured depression using different instruments; lower scores mean lower depression Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention · healthcare students, including students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g.… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 332 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control conditions Mental health and well‐being: stress or stress perception: Measured by: investigators measured stress or stress perception using different instruments; lower scores mean lower stress or stress perception Timing of outcome assessment: post‐interven... · healthcare students, including students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g.… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 420 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control conditions Mental health and well‐being: well‐being or quality of life: Measured by: investigators measured well‐being or quality of life using different instruments; higher scores mean higher well‐being or quality of life Timing of outcome assessment: post‐... · healthcare students, including students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g.… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 251 participants | Very low |
Resilience interventions vs control conditions Adverse events · healthcare students, including students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g.… Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 566 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 191 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 272 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Satisfaction (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 226 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Adverse events · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Observational gait analysis (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 199 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 250 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Satisfaction · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Observational gait analysis (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 258 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Adverse events · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Instrumented gait analysis (peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Observational gait analysis (improvement) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [1.16, 2.37] | 4 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 305 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 291 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Satisfaction · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 156 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Adverse events · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.87, 1.93] | 12 studies · 918 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 123 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Observational gait analysis (improvement) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [1.32, 2.74] | 3 studies · 248 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 327 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 150 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Satisfaction · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 74 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 144 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Adverse events · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Observational gait analysis (not measured) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 91 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 186 participants | Very low |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Satisfaction · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs placebo or sham Adverse events · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BoNT‐A vs serial casting Instrumented gait analysis (peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance) (degrees) · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
BoNT‐A vs serial casting Observational gait analysis · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Moderate |
BoNT‐A vs serial casting Function · children with CP Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Moderate |