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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication
current versionsNo studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Resource use or cost of the intervention Interventions aimed at communities to inform and/or educate about early childhood vaccination (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Informed decision ‐ Numerical risk and categorised risk combined MMIC1 · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | OR 3.65 [2.13, 6.23] | 3 studies · 2444 participants | High |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Uptake of screening test ‐ Numerical and categorised risk combined Number of participants taking up the test · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.15 [1.02, 1.29] | 12 studies · 6442 participants | Low |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Knowledge regarding screening test/condition concerned ‐ calculated risk score (numerical) versus general information various continuous scales · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 588 participants | Moderate |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Knowledge regarding screening test/condition concerned ‐ calculated risk score (categorised) versus general information various continuous scales · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 260 participants | Low |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Knowledge regarding screening test/condition concerned ‐ personal risk factor list versus general information various continuous scales · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 838 participants | High |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Knowledge regarding screening test/condition concerned ‐ calculated risk score (numerical) versus general information proportion with good knowledge · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | OR 2.6 [1.27, 5.34] | 3 studies · 1413 participants | High |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Knowledge regarding screening test / condition concerned ‐ personal risk factor list v general information proportion with good knowledge · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | OR 7.13 [5.79, 8.79] | 2 studies · 2107 participants | High |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Accurately‐perceived risk proportion of participants who perceived risk accurately · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.65 [0.96, 2.81] | 3 studies · 1264 participants | Low |
Personalised risk communication vs general risk information Anxiety ‐ all groups various continuous scales · patients with informed decision making about taking screening tests Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1848 participants | Very low |
Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders Attendance rate at healthcare appointments · Patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [1.03, 1.26] | 7 studies · 5841 participants | Moderate |
Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders Other outcomes · Patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders alone Attendance rate at healthcare appointments · Patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [1.02, 1.19] | 1 study · 291 participants | Low |
Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders alone Other outcomes · Patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders Attendance rate at healthcare appointments · patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.02] | 3 studies · 2509 participants | Moderate |
Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders Costs · patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 55 participants | Low |
Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders Adverse outcomes · patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders Other outcomes · patients with healthcare appointments Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Knowledge (< 4 weeks) Mean number of correct responses (higher score indicates higher knowledge) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 817 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Compliance with medication · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Health outcomes ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Medication side effects ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Self‐efficacy ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Knowledge Mean number of correct responses (%). Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Skill acquisition (< 4 weeks) Mean inhaler technique score (%), higher score indicates better technique. Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Compliance with medication ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Health outcomes Bronchial obstruction (FEV), higher score indicates less bronchial obstruction. Theoretical maximum scores were 2.72 for the multimedia and 3.14 for the control group. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Medication side effects ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Skill acquisition Mean inhaler technique score (%), higher score indicates better technique. Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 94 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs education by a health professional Self‐efficacy ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Knowledge ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Compliance with medication ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Number who improved on skill (rating of inhaler technique) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.7, 1.94] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Health outcomes ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Medication side effects ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education and education by a health professional Self‐efficacy ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Knowledge Mean number of correct responses (%). Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 568 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Compliance with medication (different measures used by the studies: patient self‐report of compliance and prescription refill data). · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 2 studies · 4552 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Skill acquisition Inhaler technique (scored 0 to 100 and reported as change in score from baseline) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Compliance with medication. Mean score of the Chronic Disease Compliance Instrument (CDCI), higher score indicates better compliance. Scale from: 18 to 90. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 303 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Health outcomes Peak expiratory flow readings (higher readings indicate better peak flow) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Medication side effects ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Quality of life (QOL). Outcome was measured on different scales in different studies (higher score indicates better QOL) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs control multimedia Self‐efficacy. Self efficacy score (higher score indicates greater self‐efficacy). Scale from: 27 to 189. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Knowledge (< 4 weeks) Mean number of correct responses (%). Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 381 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Skill acquisition Mean inhaler technique score (%), higher score indicates better technique. Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Non‐compliance with medications score Mean non‐compliance score (lower scores indicate better compliance). Scale from: 0 to 160. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 320 participants | Low |