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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,434 questions · 2,594 findings · 269 reviews

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No studies found 543 · 20.9%GRADE not reported 191 · 7.4%Very low 676 · 26.1%Low 732 · 28.2%Moderate 399 · 15.4%High 53 · 2%

Nurse‐led titration vs usual care

Proportion reaching target dose of medications · people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Nurse‐led titration may leads to higher proportion reaching target dose of medications compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training may leads to lower postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training probably leads to lower postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mechanical ventilation > 48 hours · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes mechanical ventilation > 48 hours compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Normalcy of diet (total parenteral nutrition) · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment

It is very uncertain whether oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… changes normalcy of diet (days of total parenteral nutrition, TPN) compared with control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Number of days unable to take medicine orally · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Duration of interruptions to cancer treatment · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment

It is very uncertain whether oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… changes duration of interruptions to cancer treatment compared with control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: intervention vs usual care or attention control

ADL outcome · people with stroke
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings: intervention vs usual care or attention control

Balance ( · people with stroke
2 findings from 1 review