Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,973 questions · 3,072 findings · 410 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 559 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 143 · 4.7%Very low 654 · 21.3%Low 833 · 27.1%Moderate 683 · 22.2%High 200 · 6.5%

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Mortality (all‐cause) · stable COPD

Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.7 [0.54, 0.9]
4 studies · 15397 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.78, 1.06]
13 studies · 20960 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.02 [0.91, 1.15]
18 studies · 23183 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Change in SGRQ total score · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline… compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 14437 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Change in baseline trough FEV1 · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher trough FEV1 change from baseline compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.07 [0.05, 0.08]
12 studies · 14681 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… leads to lower pneumonia compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.61 [0.52, 0.72]
14 studies · 21829 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

All‐cause death · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.35 [1.05, 1.75]
15 studies · 21510 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.9, 1.25]
4 studies · 13614 participants
Moderate

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

BPD at 28 days · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) changes BPD defined as an oxygen requirement at 28 days№ of participants:… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.09 [0.94, 1.26]
Studies not reported
Very low

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) changes BPD defined as oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.29]
Studies not reported
Very low

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Neonatal mortality · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) changes neonatal mortality (i.e. within 28 days)№ of participants: 335(2 RCTs) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.57, 1.68]
Studies not reported
Very low

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) changes mortality prior to discharge№ of participants: 78(2 RCTs) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.2 [0.53, 2.71]
Studies not reported
Very low

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

BPD or death at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Need for supplemental oxygen (days)№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Retinopathy of prematurity · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) changes retinopathy of prematurity№ of participants: 277(2 RCTs) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.78, 1.15]
Studies not reported
Very low

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Severe retinopathy of prematurity (stage II or greater)№ of participants: 244(1 RCT) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) changes severe retinopathy of prematurity (stage II or greater)№ of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.57, 1.65]
Studies not reported
Very low

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo

Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 to 24 months№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Clinical HINTS

1 finding from 1 review

Head impulse, nystagmus, and test of skew examination for diagnosing central causes of acute vestibular syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1890 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Investigation of heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses

1 finding from 1 review

Head impulse, nystagmus, and test of skew examination for diagnosing central causes of acute vestibular syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
95 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Conclusions

1 finding from 1 review

Head impulse, nystagmus, and test of skew examination for diagnosing central causes of acute vestibular syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
94 participants
GRADE not reported