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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,736 questions · 15,265 findings · 1,163 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,871 · 25.4%GRADE not reported 810 · 5.3%Very low 4,242 · 27.8%Low 3,879 · 25.4%Moderate 1,999 · 13.1%High 464 · 3%

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Telephone quitline referral vs usual care or no treatment

Health system telephone counselling vs quitline · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients

It is very uncertain whether telephone quitline referral changes health system telephone counselling vs quitline compared with no treatment or usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacotherapy plus counselling vs no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling

Quit at longest · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients

Pharmacotherapy plus counselling leads to higher quit at longest compared with no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling (high certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Incidence of pressure ulcers · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients showed no clear difference in incidence of pressure ulcers compared with standard diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

The proportion of pressure ulcers healed · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients may leads to higher pressure ulcers healed compared with standard diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Time to complete healing of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Change in area/depth/volume of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Time to pressure ulcer development · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo

The proportion of pressure ulcers healed · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants changes pressure ulcers healed compared with standard diet or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo

Time to complete healing of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo

Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review