Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,539 questions · 2,602 findings · 424 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 572 · 22%GRADE not reported 189 · 7.3%Very low 527 · 20.3%Low 685 · 26.3%Moderate 514 · 19.8%High 115 · 4.4%

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.63 [0.24, 1.66]
1 study · 623 participants
Low

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.28 [0.95, 1.73]
2 studies · 1580 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.05 [0.32, 29.47]
1 study · 623 participants
Low

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS probably leads to higher pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.8 [1.06, 3.06]
2 studies · 1580 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 5.82 [0.7, 48.8]
2 studies · 885 participants
Low

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.81 [0.75, 0.89]
10 studies · 9041 participants
High

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS probably leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.7, 0.98]
6 studies · 6689 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.74, 1.13]
5 studies · 4216 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.9, 1.24]
6 studies · 6482 participants
High

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS probably leads to higher pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.46 [1.03, 2.08]
14 studies · 12586 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.74, 1.06]
1 study · 3354 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS leads to higher pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.64 [1.25, 2.14]
6 studies · 6705 participants
High

LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.84 [0.76, 0.92]
1 study · 7376 participants
High

LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.92 [0.79, 1.07]
5 studies · 4567 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.78, 1.01]
1 study · 7376 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.64 [0.36, 1.13]
4 studies · 3320 participants
Low

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
2 studies · 10815 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.61, 1.69]
10 studies · 11338 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.66 [0.27, 1.63]
4 studies · 2860 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
1 study · 3358 participants
Moderate