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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pelvic floor muscle training vs anticholinergics Adverse effects · children aged 5‐14 years with daytime urinary incontinence or post‐micturition dribbling Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs anticholinergics Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 3 months · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.05, 12.5] | 2 studies · 72 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs anticholinergics Frequency of incontinence episodes · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs anticholinergics Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs anticholinergics Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs anticholinergics Quality of life measurements · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs anticholinergics Adverse effects · children aged 4 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 12 months after 6 months of treatment · children aged 6 to 12 years with overactive bladder with urge incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.58, 1.78] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs placebo (sham TENS) Quality of life measurements · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics Frequency of incontinence episodes · children aged 6 to 12 years with overactive bladder with urge incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 6 to 12 years with overactive bladder with urge incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 6 to 12 years with overactive bladder with urge incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics Quality of life measurements · children aged 6 to 12 years with overactive bladder with urge incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics Adverse effects · children aged 6 to 12 years with overactive bladder with urge incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Ungraded |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs placebo (sham TENS) Adverse effects · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence after 12 months of treatment · children aged 3 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.36 [0.65, 8.53] | 3 studies · 91 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Frequency of incontinence episodes at 12 months · children aged 3 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 3 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Number of women who report they are cured (they no longer experience urinary incontinence) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs an active intervention Urinary incontinence condition‐ or symptom‐specific quality of life at short term (8 weeks) Measured by the Overactive Bladder Health‐Related Quality of Life (OAB‐HRQL) scale (higher per cent improvement = better) · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Yoga vs an active intervention Number of micturitions (daily) · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs an active intervention Number of episodes of incontinence (daily) at short term (8 weeks) · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Yoga vs an active intervention Bothersomeness of symptoms at short term (6 weeks) Measured by the Overactive Bladder Symptom and Quality of Life‐Short Form (OABq‐SF) (lower = better) · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Yoga vs an active intervention Adverse effects · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Number of women who report cure or improvement of urinary incontinence at short term (six weeks) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 6.33 [1.44, 27.88] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Urinary incontinence condition‐ or symptom‐specific quality of life at short term (6 weeks) Measured by Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ‐7) (lower = better) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Number of micturitions (daily) at short term (6 weeks) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Number of episodes of incontinence (daily) at short term (6 weeks) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Bothersomeness of symptoms at short term (6 weeks) Measured by Urogenital Distress Inventory 6 (UDI‐6) (lower = better) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs no specific active intervention Adverse effects at short term (6 weeks) · women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs an active intervention Number of women who report they are cured (they no longer experience urinary incontinence) · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs an active intervention Number of women who report cure or improvement of urinary incontinence at short term (8 weeks) · women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.43] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Participant‐perceived cure after treatment Treatment duration: 3–6 months · women with SUI Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 8.38 [3.68, 19.07] | 4 studies · 165 participants | High |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Short (up to 1 hour) pad test measured as grams of urine Treatment duration: 6 weeks to 6 months · women with UI (all types) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 146 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control GRADE A UI‐specific symptom measures Treatment duration: 12 weeks · women with UI (all types) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control GRADE A UI‐specific QoL measures Treatment duration: 6–12 weeks · women with UI (all types) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4 participants | Low |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Participant‐perceived cure after treatment · UUI in women Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Participant‐perceived cure or improvement after treatment · UUI in women Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Number of leakage episodes in 24 hours · UUI in women Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Low |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Short (up to 1 hour) pad test measured as grams of urine · UUI in women Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control GRADE A UI‐specific symptom measures · UUI in women Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control GRADE A UI‐specific QoL measures · UUI in women Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Participant‐perceived cure or improvement after treatment Treatment duration: 3–6 months · women with SUI Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 6.33 [3.88, 10.33] | 3 studies · 242 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Number of leakage episodes in 24 hours · women with SUI Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 432 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Short (up to 1 hour) pad test measured as grams of urine Treatment duration: 6 weeks to 6 months · women with SUI Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 185 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control GRADE A UI‐specific symptom measures Treatment duration: 4–12 weeks · women with SUI Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 7 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control GRADE A UI‐specific QoL measures Treatment duration: 6 weeks to 6 months · women with SUI Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 6 participants | Low |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Participant‐perceived cure after treatment Treatment duration: 8–12 weeks · women with UI (all types) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 5.34 [2.78, 10.26] | 3 studies · 290 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Participant‐perceived cure or improvement after treatment Treatment duration: 6–8 weeks · women with UI (all types) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.39 [1.64, 3.47] | 2 studies · 166 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs control Number of leakage episodes in 24 hours · women with UI (all types) Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 349 participants | Moderate |