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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary

current versions

No studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Paracentesis plus systemic vasoconstrictors (3 RCTs; 114 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.76 [0.14, 3.61]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Paracentesis plus systemic vasoconstrictors (5 RCTs; 165 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.64 [0.46, 6.32]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Aldosterone antagonists plus loop diuretics plus paracentesis plus fluid replacement (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.24 [0.62, 2.59]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (7 RCTs; 452 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.84 [0.6, 1.18]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR No active treatment (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.66 [0.46, 6.99]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Loop diuretics (No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.71 [0.23, 2.16]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Paracentesis plus reinfusion (1 RCT; 24 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and ascites Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.77 [0.23, 2.68]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Interventions · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Rifaximin (1 RCT, 299 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	OR 1.01 [0, 853.21]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin (no direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	OR 11.85	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Rifaximin (3 RCTs, 418 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.15 [0.98, 1.34]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Ciprofloxacin (3 RCT; 255 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.72 [0.49, 1.05]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (1 RCT, 60 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.19 [0.02, 0.81]	NR	Low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin (1 RCT, 68 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.93 [0.31, 3.44]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Ciprofloxacin (no direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.62 [0.12, 3.31]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (no direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 2.62 [0.62, 11.91]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Rifaximin (2 RCTs, 106 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 7.8 [0.13, 4647.11]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin (3 RCTs, 255 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.16 [0, 1.56]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR No active intervention · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Norfloxacin + neomycin (1 RCT, 22 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.06 [0, 0.33]	NR	Low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin + rifaximin (no direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.33 [0.04, 1.4]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Rifaximin (3 RCTs, 575 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.61 [0.46, 0.8]	NR	Low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin (3 RCTs, 439 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.81 [0.58, 1.12]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Rifaximin (3 RCTs, 479 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.57 [0.33, 1]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin (4 RCTs, 546 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.74 [0.49, 1.09]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Ciprofloxacin (3 RCTs, 255 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.61 [0.31, 1.16]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Sulfamethoxazole +trimethoprim (1 RCT, 60 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.47 [0.2, 1]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Norfloxacin +rifaximin (no direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.4 [0.12, 1.17]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Rufloxacin (no direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.45 [0.27, 8.21]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Rifaximin (2 RCTs, 353 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a… (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.66 [0.98, 2.9]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Interventions · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Basiliximab (1 RCT; 47 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.44 [0.28, 0.7]	NR	Low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (3 RCTs; 927 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.27 [0.49, 3.75]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Anti‐thymocyte globulin (1 RCT; 119 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.89 [0.21, 3.88]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR No active intervention (only maintenance immunosuppression) (1 RCT; 45 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.76 [0.12, 4.59]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Basiliximab plus glucocorticosteroids (2 RCTs; 528 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 1 [0.67, 1.47]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (2 RCTs; 897 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.87 [0.65, 1.15]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Anti‐thymocyte globulin plus glucocorticosteroids (1 RCT; 37 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.63 [0.39, 1.02]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (1 RCT; 148 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.12 [0.81, 1.53]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (1 RCT; 698 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.11 [0.44, 2.78]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Glucocorticosteroids · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Basiliximab plus glucocorticosteroids (1 RCT; 381 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.98 [0.02, 38.67]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab (1 RCT; 135 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.27 [0.03, 1.32]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Anti‐thymocyte globulin plus glucocorticosteroids (1 RCT; 93 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.3 [0.96, 1.75]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (3 RCTs; 1045 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.26 [0.66, 2.42]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab (3 RCTs; 420 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.62 [0.38, 1.02]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Basiliximab plus glucocorticosteroids (1 RCT; 147 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 1.21 [0.52, 2.72]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (2 RCTs; 728 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	OR 0.94 [0.67, 1.31]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Basiliximab plus glucocorticosteroids (3 RCTs; 627 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.72 [0.42, 1.15]	NR	Very low