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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Proportion of participants with improved functional class mean duration of study 16.8 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.41 [1.16, 1.7] | 15 studies · 3060 participants | Moderate |
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Change from baseline in BDI mean duration of study 14.3 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 788 participants | Low |
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Mortality mean duration of study 30.2 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.58, 1.07] | 12 studies · 2889 participants | Low |
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Change from baseline in mean PAP (mmHg) mean duration of study 17.1 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 729 participants | Moderate |
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Change from baseline in PVR (dyn/s/cm5) mean duration of study 15.7 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 586 participants | Moderate |
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Hepatic toxicity mean duration of study 25 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.88 [0.91, 3.9] | 11 studies · 2250 participants | Moderate |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in 6MWD · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 585 participants | Moderate |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in peak work capacity · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 62 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in dyspnoea score · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 155 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in quality of life · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 194 participants | Moderate |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in quality of life at long‐term · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 89 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Long‐term survival (incidence of mortality) · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.32 [0.08, 1.19] | 3 studies · 127 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in 6MWD at long‐term · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 321 participants | Moderate |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in peak work capacity · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 159 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in dyspnoea score · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 348 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in quality of life · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 478 participants | Moderate |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in quality of life at long‐term · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Long‐term survival (incidence of mortality) · interstitial lung disease Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.4 [0.14, 1.12] | 4 studies · 291 participants | Low |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in 6MWD · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 278 participants | Moderate |
Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation Change in 6MWD at long‐term · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.06, 16.44] | 7 studies · 5935 participants | Low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 7.45 [0.15, 375.68] | 1 study · 229 participants | Low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: asthma‐related serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.37, 1.26] | 7 studies · 5935 participants | Low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/beclomethasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: asthma‐related serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.06, 16.24] | 5 studies · 1510 participants | Very low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS Asthma related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone v's salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: asthma‐related serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 7 [0.14, 353.37] | 1 study · 722 participants | Very low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: asthma‐related serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.05 [0, 3.1] | 2 studies · 293 participants | Very low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: asthma‐related serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 229 participants | Ungraded |
Children: formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone All‐cause mortality · children, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 548 participants | Ungraded |
Children: formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events · children, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 2.72 [0.38, 19.46] | 2 studies · 548 participants | Low |
Children: formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · children, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 548 participants | Ungraded |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/beclomethasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1257 participants | Ungraded |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 4.46 [0.23, 85.4] | 2 studies · 1126 participants | Low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 7.39 [0.15, 372.38] | 2 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause mortality formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 229 participants | Ungraded |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.14 [0.82, 1.59] | 7 studies · 5935 participants | Moderate |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/beclomethasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.43, 2.08] | 6 studies · 1941 participants | Moderate |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.47, 2.2] | 2 studies · 1126 participants | Moderate |
Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: serious adverse events Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.05 [0, 3.1] | 2 studies · 293 participants | Low |
Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care Health‐related quality of life · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 4321 participants | Moderate |
Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care Functional exercise capacity · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 2071 participants | Moderate |
Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care Respiratory‐related hospital admissions · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.64 [0.5, 0.81] | 15 studies · 4207 participants | High |
Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care Hospital admissions, all causes · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.75 [0.57, 0.98] | 10 studies · 9030 participants | Moderate |
Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care Hospital days per patient, all causes · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 3563 participants | Moderate |
Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care ED visits · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.5, 0.93] | 9 studies · 8791 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo Exacerbation requiring hospitalisation or ED visit · children and adults with asthma Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or… (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.68 [0.47, 0.98] | 2 studies · 2039 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change from baseline in blood eosinophils (cells x 10*9/L) · children and adults with asthma Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2598 participants | High |
Intervention NR Change from baseline in Periostin (ng/mL) · children and adults with asthma Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2106 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Percentage reduction from baseline in maintenance OCS dose · children and adults with asthma Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 350 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Post hoc exploratory endpoint: Exacerbation requiring hospitalisation/ED/OCS (rate ratio) · children and adults with asthma Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or… (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.71 [0.65, 0.77] | 7 studies · 6998 participants | Low |
Anti‐IL13 or anti‐IL4 agents vs placebo Health‐related quality of life (AQLQ) Scale: 1 to 7 (higher is better) · children and adults with asthma Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 4960 participants | High |