What do systematic reviews say?

Psychological therapy vs Waitlist/Usual Care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 730 participants
  Low

Psychological therapy vs Waitlist/Usual Care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 532 participants
  Moderate

Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 624 participants
  Low

Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care

Psychological therapy showed no clear difference in acceptability 1 ‐ proportion of participants withdrawing during… compared with enhanced or structured care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.87, 1]
  5 studies · 679 participants
  Moderate

Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 499 participants
  Moderate

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

It is very uncertain whether any early psychological intervention changes PTSD diagnosis: post‐treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (very low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.32]
  5 studies · 556 participants
  Very low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 409 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 414 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 239 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Any early psychological intervention may leads to lower PTSD diagnosis: 3–6 months compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.41, 0.93]
  5 studies · 758 participants
  Low
• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.2, 4.49]
  1 study · 132 participants
  Very low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Any early psychological intervention showed no clear difference in dropouts from treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.91, 1.95]
  11 studies · 1154 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1921 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1009 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 945 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

Any early psychological intervention may leads to higher dropouts from treatment compared with active control condition (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.61 [1.11, 2.34]
  2 studies · 425 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 465 participants
  Low

Antidepressants vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end treatment… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.37, 0.68]
  9 studies · 734 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 100 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Very low