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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,262 questions · 2,405 findings · 248 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 507 · 21.1%GRADE not reported 93 · 3.9%Very low 657 · 27.3%Low 708 · 29.4%Moderate 387 · 16.1%High 53 · 2.2%

Nurse‐led titration vs usual care

Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Nurse‐led titration probably leads to lower heart failure‐related hospital admissions compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nurse‐led titration vs usual care

Proportion reaching target dose of medications · people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Nurse‐led titration may leads to higher proportion reaching target dose of medications compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training may leads to lower postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training probably leads to lower postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mechanical ventilation > 48 hours · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes mechanical ventilation > 48 hours compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: intervention vs usual care or attention control

ADL outcome · people with stroke
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings: intervention vs usual care or attention control

Balance ( · people with stroke
2 findings from 1 review