Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,710 questions · 14,842 findings · 1,394 reviews

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No studies found 2,880 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 1,413 · 9.5%Very low 3,103 · 20.9%Low 3,870 · 26.1%Moderate 2,663 · 17.9%High 913 · 6.2%

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Analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: dizziness, lightheadedness · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Analgesic‐decongestant leads to higher adverse effects: dizziness, lightheadedness compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.86 [1.02, 8.01]
4 studies · 1287 participants
High

Antihistamine‐analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Global evaluation · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐analgesic‐decongestant showed no clear difference in global evaluation: after 3 days of treatment (included children 2 to… compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.34 [0.09, 1.31]
1 study · 109 participants
Low
Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.47 [0.33, 0.67]
2 studies · 548 participants
Low

Antihistamine‐analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Global evaluation: after 5 days of treatment (included children 2 to 12 years old only) · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐analgesic‐decongestant showed no clear difference in global evaluation: after 5 days of treatment (included children 2 to… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.17 [0.49, 2.77]
1 study · 83 participants
Low

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: all · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: all compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.58 [0.78, 3.21]
7 studies · 842 participants
Moderate

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, and excessive sleepiness · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, and excessive sleepiness compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.38 [0.63, 3]
5 studies · 692 participants
Low

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: dry mouth · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐decongestant leads to higher adverse effects: dry mouth compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.75 [1.74, 8.1]
4 studies · 640 participants
High

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: insomnia · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: insomnia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.89 [0.88, 9.56]
2 studies · 344 participants
Moderate

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: gastrointestinal upset · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: gastrointestinal upset compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.81 [0.64, 12.33]
2 studies · 296 participants
Moderate

Antihistamine‐analgesic vs placebo

Global evaluation · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐analgesic probably leads to lower global evaluation compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.33 [0.23, 0.46]
1 study · 582 participants
Moderate

Antihistamine‐analgesic vs placebo

Adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, and excessive sleepiness · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐analgesic showed no clear difference in adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, and excessive sleepiness compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.64 [0.48, 5.59]
2 studies · 272 participants
Low

Analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Global evaluation · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Analgesic‐decongestant probably leads to lower global evaluation compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.28 [0.15, 0.52]
1 study · 181 participants
Moderate

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Mortality ‐ within 30 days · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.14 [0.76, 1.7]
5 studies · 2143 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Rebleeding · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in rebleeding ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.81 [0.62, 1.06]
5 studies · 2121 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Surgery ‐ within 30 days · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in surgery ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.65, 1.26]
6 studies · 2223 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Proportion of participants with stigmata of recent haemorrhage at index endoscopy · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with stigmata of recent haemorrhage at… compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.52, 1.21]
4 studies · 1332 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Endoscopic haemostatic treatment at index endoscopy · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment probably leads to lower endoscopic haemostatic treatment at index endoscopy compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.68 [0.5, 0.93]
3 studies · 1983 participants
Moderate

Pregabalin vs placebo

50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Pregabalin may leads to higher 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ‐ ITT analysis compared with placebo (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.95 [1.4, 2.72]
9 studies · 2663 participants
Low
Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.91 [1.92, 4.42]
9 studies · 2663 participants
Very low
Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.92, 1.31]
9 studies · 2663 participants
Very low

Pregabalin vs placebo

Adverse effects: headache · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

It is very uncertain whether pregabalin changes adverse effect: headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.45, 0.94]
6 studies · 1850 participants
Very low

Pregabalin vs placebo

Nausea · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Pregabalin showed no clear difference in adverse effect: nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.2 [0.56, 2.58]
4 studies · 1267 participants
Low

Pregabalin vs placebo

Somnolence · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Pregabalin may leads to higher adverse effect: somnolence compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.05 [1.49, 2.81]
9 studies · 2663 participants
Low