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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Rumblings · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Actinobacteria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Bacteriodetes · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotic vs another synbiotic Indoxyl sulfate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Proteobacteria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Firmicutes · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Synergistetes · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Verrucomicrobia · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Faecal acetate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Faecal propionate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Faecal butyrate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Faecal total short‐chain fatty acids · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Faecal indoles · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Faecal P‐cresol · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotic vs another synbiotic Change in any GI upset or intolerance · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs another prebiotic Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic eGFR · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic Albuminuria or proteinuria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic Indoxyl sulfate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic Change in any GI upset or intolerance · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs probiotic Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic eGFR (mL/min) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs another synbiotic Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic Albuminuria or proteinuria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic Indoxyl sulfate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic Change in any GI upset or intolerance · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs another probiotic Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment eGFR (mL/min) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 98 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Albuminuria or proteinuria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Indoxyl sulfate · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Change in any GI upset or intolerance (GSRS) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs another synbiotic Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Rumbling · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Hard stools · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Abdominal pain · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Constipation syndrome · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs placebo or no treatment Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment eGFR · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Albuminuria or proteinuria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Indoxyl sulfate (mg/L) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs another synbiotic Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Any change in GI upset or intolerance · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |