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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape Number of women whose incontinence was improved or cured ‐ · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape Objective cure rates in the longer‐term ‐ more than 12 months, · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape General health status measures ‐ e.g. Short‐Form 36 · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape Condition‐specific instruments designed to assess incontinence ‐ e.g. BFLUTS · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape Repeat continence surgery · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape Adverse events · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables) Objective cure rates in the longer‐term ‐ more than 12 months, · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables) General health status measures ‐ e.g. Short‐Form 36 · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables) Condition‐specific instruments designed to assess incontinence ‐ e.g. BFLUTS · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables) Repeat continence surgery · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables) Adverse events · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One type of repeat midurethral tape vs another type of repeat midurethral tape Number of women whose incontinence was improved or cured ‐ · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 46 participants | Ungraded |
One type of repeat midurethral tape vs another type of repeat midurethral tape Objective cure rates in the longer‐term ‐ more than 12 months, · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One type of repeat midurethral tape vs another type of repeat midurethral tape General health status measures ‐ e.g. Short‐Form 36 · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery Interventions for treating recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive synthetic… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs placebo (sham TENS) Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence after 7 to 20 weeks' treatment · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.89 [1.68, 14.21] | 3 studies · 93 participants | Low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 3 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Quality of life measurements · children aged 3 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Adverse effects · children aged 3 to 17 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 6 to 12 months after 6 months treatment · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.87, 1.45] | 3 studies · 151 participants | Low |
Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Frequency of incontinence episodes · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Quality of life measurements · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone Adverse effects · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 133 participants | Ungraded |
Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs standard urotherapy alone Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence after 3 months of treatment · children aged 5 to 14 years with overactive bladder and at least one episode of daytime urinary incontinence per week Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 17.77 [1.08, 291.82] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs placebo (sham TENS) Frequency of incontinence episodes · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 78 participants | Very low |
Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs standard urotherapy alone Frequency of incontinence episodes at 3 months · children aged 5 to 14 years with overactive bladder and at least one episode of daytime urinary incontinence per week Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | MD 2.9 [1.78, 4.02] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs standard urotherapy alone Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 5 to 14 years with overactive bladder and at least one episode of daytime urinary incontinence per week Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs standard urotherapy alone Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 5 to 14 years with overactive bladder and at least one episode of daytime urinary incontinence per week Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs standard urotherapy alone Quality of life measurements · children aged 5 to 14 years with overactive bladder and at least one episode of daytime urinary incontinence per week Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs standard urotherapy alone Adverse effects · children aged 5 to 14 years with overactive bladder and at least one episode of daytime urinary incontinence per week Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.73, 1.68] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy Frequency of incontinence episodes · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy Quality of life measurements · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs placebo (sham TENS) Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy Adverse effects · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyography biofeedback and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training without biofeedback but with standard urotherapy Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 12 months (9 months after 3 months of treatment) · children aged 5 to 15 years with dysfunctional elimination syndrome, 41/59 with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.72, 1.52] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyography biofeedback and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training without biofeedback but with standard urotherapy Frequency of incontinence episodes at 12 months · children aged 5 to 15 years with dysfunctional elimination syndrome, 41/59 with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyography biofeedback and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training without biofeedback but with standard urotherapy Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 5 to 15 years with dysfunctional elimination syndrome, 41/59 with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyography biofeedback and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training without biofeedback but with standard urotherapy Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 5 to 15 years with dysfunctional elimination syndrome, 41/59 with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyography biofeedback and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training without biofeedback but with standard urotherapy Quality of life measurements · children aged 5 to 15 years with dysfunctional elimination syndrome, 41/59 with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyography biofeedback and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training without biofeedback but with standard urotherapy Adverse effects · children aged 5 to 15 years with dysfunctional elimination syndrome, 41/59 with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs anticholinergics Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at end of treatment or 1 month after 3 months of treatment · children aged 5‐14 years with daytime urinary incontinence or post‐micturition dribbling Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [1.17, 3.15] | 2 studies · 86 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs anticholinergics Frequency of incontinence episodes · children aged 5‐14 years with daytime urinary incontinence or post‐micturition dribbling Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 86 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs anticholinergics Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 5‐14 years with daytime urinary incontinence or post‐micturition dribbling Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs placebo (sham TENS) Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs anticholinergics Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 5‐14 years with daytime urinary incontinence or post‐micturition dribbling Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training vs anticholinergics Quality of life measurements · children aged 5‐14 years with daytime urinary incontinence or post‐micturition dribbling Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |