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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
DPP4i vs placebo Myocardial infarction (fatal or non‐fatal) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.88, 1.08] | 4 studies · 42334 participants | High |
SGLT2i vs placebo Myocardial infarction (fatal or non‐fatal) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.84, 1.12] | 2 studies · 15266 participants | High |
SGLT2i vs placebo Stroke (fatal or non‐fatal) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.12 [0.92, 1.36] | 2 studies · 15266 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2i vs placebo All‐cause mortality · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.74, 0.96] | 5 studies · 24962 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2i vs placebo Hospitalisation for HF · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.65 [0.59, 0.71] | 5 studies · 24962 participants | High |
SGLT2i vs placebo Worsening renal function · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.59 [0.43, 0.82] | 2 studies · 8474 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2i vs placebo Hypoglycaemia · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.9 [0.75, 1.07] | 4 studies · 21232 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2i vs placebo Pancreatitis · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.85 [0.39, 1.86] | 1 study · 8246 participants | Low |
SGLT2i vs placebo Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.88, 1.18] | 5 studies · 24962 participants | High |
DPP4i vs placebo Stroke (fatal or non‐fatal) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.87, 1.14] | 5 studies · 42588 participants | High |
DPP4i vs placebo All‐cause mortality · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.96, 1.11] | 6 studies · 47968 participants | High |
DPP4i vs placebo Hospitalisation for HF · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.99 [0.8, 1.23] | 4 studies · 42334 participants | Moderate |
DPP4i vs placebo Worsening renal function · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.08 [0.88, 1.33] | 1 study · 16492 participants | Low |
DPP4i vs placebo Hypoglycaemia · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.95, 1.29] | 3 studies · 25842 participants | Moderate |
DPP4i vs placebo Pancreatitis · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.63 [1.12, 2.37] | 5 studies · 47684 participants | Moderate |
DPP4i vs placebo Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both) Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.83, 1.19] | 1 study · 16492 participants | Moderate |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01] | 45 studies · 143693 participants | High |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.2] | 5 studies · 19327 participants | Moderate |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Cardiovascular mortality – cardiovascular deaths · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25] | 4 studies · 18619 participants | Moderate |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Cardiovascular events · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.07] | 5 studies · 19327 participants | Low |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.26] | 3 studies · 18353 participants | Moderate |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Coronary heart disease events · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.82, 1.22] | 4 studies · 19061 participants | Low |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Stroke · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.66, 2.01] | 5 studies · 19327 participants | Very low |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Arrhythmias · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.97] | 2 studies · 4912 participants | Moderate |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Harms: bleeding · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High vs low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats Harms: pulmonary embolus or DVT · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.8] | 1 study · 708 participants | Very low |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Outcomes All in trials of 12 to 72 months' duration · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Cardiovascular mortality – cardiovascular deaths · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.86, 0.99] | 29 studies · 117837 participants | Moderate |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Measures of adiposity, LCn3 ‐ weight, kg · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 17000 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Measures of adiposity, LCn3 ‐ BMI, kg/m2 · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 15474 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum total cholesterol, LCn3 – TC, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 38469 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum triglyceride,LCn3 ‐ fasting TG, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 43998 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum high‐density lipoprotein, LCn3 – HDL, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 46604 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum low‐density lipoprotein, LCn3 – LDL, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 43454 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Measures of adiposity, ALA – weight, kg · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 664 participants | Very low |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Measures of adiposity, ALA – BMI, kg/m2 · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1581 participants | Very low |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum total cholesterol, ALA – TC, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2164 participants | Low |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum triglyceride, ALA ‐ fasting TG, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1776 participants | Moderate |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Cardiovascular events · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.92, 1.01] | 43 studies · 140482 participants | High |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum high‐density lipoprotein, ALA – HDL, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1776 participants | Moderate |
High vs low omega‐3 fats Serum low‐density lipoprotein, ALA – LDL, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2201 participants | Moderate |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.81, 1] | 24 studies · 127378 participants | Low |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Coronary heart disease events – CHD events · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.85, 0.97] | 32 studies · 134116 participants | Low |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Stroke · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.94, 1.12] | 31 studies · 138888 participants | Moderate |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Arrhythmias · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.92, 1.06] | 30 studies · 77990 participants | Low |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Harms: bleeding · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.91, 1.37] | 11 studies · 80147 participants | Very low |
High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats Harms: pulmonary embolus or DVT · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.44, 2.98] | 5 studies · 3546 participants | Very low |
Benznidazole vs placebo Clearance or reduction of antibody titres (N) (a) at 12 months (b) at 2 years (c) at 5 years · adults with both late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease and CCC Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.91 [1.64, 2.21] | 1 study · 1896 participants | Low |
Nifurtimox vs placebo Clinical improvement (N) · adults with both late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease and CCC Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nifurtimox vs placebo Quality of life · adults with both late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease and CCC Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |