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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Pain at rest at 6 to 8 hours (score from 0 to 10) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 37 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Haemodynamic support (in hospital) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (0 to 2 weeks) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 2431 participants | Moderate |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Risk of neurological complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 2232 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Duration of tracheal intubation · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 40 studies · 3353 participants | Moderate |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Pain at rest at 6 to 8 hours after surgery · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 502 participants | Moderate |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Haemodynamic support (in hospital) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0.21 [0.09, 0.33] | 17 studies · 870 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Mortallity (0 to 30 days · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 145 participants | Very low |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Failed blocks · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1789 participants | Moderate |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Pain scores at 1 hour after surgery6 · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 982 participants | Moderate |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Block duration (0 to 1 day) · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 460 participants | High |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Time to perform the block · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 680 participants | Moderate |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Number of needle passes · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Minor complications · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 896 participants | Low |
Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound guidance Major complications · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial… The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 22 studies · 1576 participants | Moderate |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 742 participants | High |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs control or placebo medications Length of hospital stay (hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs control or placebo medications Adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 345 participants | Low |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Moderate |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 48 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Additional analgesia requirements 0 to 24 hours (Milligrams) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Analgesic Success · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Sedation · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Chronic Headache · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 742 participants | High |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Length of hospital stay (hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 261 participants | Low |
Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications Adverse event hypotension (0 to 24 hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 184 participants | Low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative Pain 0 to 6 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 48 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Additional analgesia requirements at 0 to 24 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 234 participants | Low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Analgesic Success · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Sedation · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 742 participants | High |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Chronic Headache · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 54 participants | Very low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Length of critical care stay (hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Length of hospital stay (hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications Adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 332 participants | Moderate |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 332 participants | Moderate |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 459 participants | High |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 48 hours · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 202 participants | Very low |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Additional analgesia requirements 0 to 24 hours (milligrams) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 459 participants | High |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Analgesic Success · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs control or placebo medications Acute postoperative pain at 48 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications Sedation score at 24 hours (Richmond Agitation Sedation scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 131 participants | Very low |